5.

52 Engineering_Physics
ANNA UNIVERSITY PART A 2' Marks Q & A

What is stimulated emission? (A.U. Jan. 2017)

(1,
The process of induced emissions of photons caused by the
incident photons is called stimulated emission. This process is

a key factor for the operation of a laser.

2. What are the conditions necessary for stimulated

emission of radiation? (A.U. April 2018)
i) The atoms must be in the excited state.
(ii) The photon of light radiation must strike the atomsin
the excited state.

3. Write the differences between spontaneous emission

and stimulated emission (A.U. Dec. 2020)

Spontaneous emission Stimulated emission

1. Emission of light radiation is Induced emissions of light|

not triggered by externalradiations caused by incident|
influence photons
2. Emitted photon travels in Emitted photon travels in
random direction particular direction

Emitted photons cannot be|Emitted photons can bel

controlled |controlled.
4. This process is a key factor|This process is a key factor|
for ordinary light. for laser operation

What is meant by population inversion \and how is it

achieved? (A.U. Jan. 2019)
The establishment of a situation in which the number or
atoms in higher energy level is more than that in lower energy
level is called population inversion. It is an essential
for producing a laser beam. It is achieved by pumping action.
requiremen
 553
ASONS the
inversion in
the need for population
Esplain (A.U. Der. 2020)
produetion of laser?
factor for the
emission process is nkey
Stimulated

stimulated emission, more

number
o
of laser. For
duction
proad
excited state.
atom. ms
must be in the
of atoms in
which number
a situation in is
Establishing energy
state
is more than that in lower
energy state inversion
inversion 1s
1s
sigher
higThe
Hence, population
inversion.
pulation
lled
alled

of laser.
in the production
eded
n e e d

(A.U. May 2019)

action?
What is pumping
6. in the atomic
creating a population inversion
The process of requirement
action. It is essential
is known as pumping
states
a laser beanm.
for producing
used for pumping
the methods commonly
1. What
are
(A.U. Dec 2018)
action?

(excitation by photons)
(i) Optical pumping
method (excitation by electrons)
(ii) Electrical discharge
(ii) Direct conversion

atoms.
(iv) Inelastic collision between
(A.U. Jan 2019)
8. What is optical pumping?
When the atoms are exposed to light radiations (of energy
these light radiations
hv), atoms in the lower energy state absorb

and go to excited state. This

method of pumping is called optical
pumping.

It is used in solid state lasers like ruby laser and Nd -

YAG laser.

(9 What is meant by active material in laser?

(A.U. Jan 2021)

A material in which population inversion can be achieved

is called as active material.
5.54 Engineering Physics
characteristies
ser? (or)
of the laser? What
W

10 What are the beam?

of the laser
are the properties
(A.U. Jan 2018, May 2019, Jan 20)

coherent
Laser light is highly
and intense.
I t is highly powerful
monochromatic.
It is directional and
over long distance without ny
I t is capable of travelling
energy loss.

I t is extremely bright.
the water.
Laser beam is not easily absorbed by
set of laser beams is said
11. Under which conditions
a

to be coherent? (A.U. Dec. 2019)

be coherent if they have
A set of laser beams is said to
difference among them with
same frequency and constant phase

respect to space and time.

12. Compare the characteristics of laser with ordinary

light. (A.U. Jan. 2018, May 2019, Jan 2020)

Ordinary light Source Laser Source

1.Light emitted is not Light emitted is highly
monochromatic. monochromatic.
2. Light emitted does not have It has high degree of
high degree of coherence coherence.
3. Emits light in all directions Emits light only in one
(not directional) | direction (directional)
4. Light is less intense and less Laser light is much intense
|bright and bright.
13. What is optical resonant cavity? (A.U. Jan. 2021)

It is a pair of mirrors with active material in between

them. One of the mirrors of the resonant cavity is made
partialy
reflecting to serve as an
output element passing the light (laser
out of the resonator. The other mirror is a highly reflecting one
 5.55
the funetion of resonator envity in laser?
What is
4 (AUMay2019)
Resonator cavity is made of apair of tully reflecting plnte
reflecting plate. Both of them are optically plane
A partially between
accurately parallel The active medium is placed
hese m i r r o r s

The photons emitted along the axial direction during

emission travel back and forth across the active
s
ulated
t i m

stre.igth is attained.
edium and grow in strength. After enough
1aser beam emerges out from the partial reflector

is the principle of laser action? (A.U. May 2019)

15. What
Stimulated emission process is a key factor for the laser
ation. This can be multiplied through chain reaction. This
of photons through stimulated emission leads to
multiplication
oherent,
coherent, powerful, monochromatic, collimated beam of
ight-emission.

16. What are the three important components of any

laser device? (A.U. Jan 2016)
G) Active medium
ii) Pumping source
(i) Optical resonator

17. What are the conditions

required for laser action?
(A.U. Dec 2019)
Population inversion should be achieved.
Stimulated emission should be
spontaneous emission. predominant over

18. What
Einstein's coefficientsS?
are
(A.U. Jan 2019)
In Einstein's
theory of spontaneous and
emission, if N, and stimulated
N, are the number of atoms in the
energy state (E,) and higher lower
energy state (E,), then the
of stimulated number
absorption transition is given by
5.56
Engineering Physics
Nab B N, Q|
The number of spontaneous emission transition is given by

NAgNa
The number of stimulated emission transition is given by

N Ba N,

Also B2 =
Ba1 and Ag 8Tth
B,
where Q is the energy density of the incident radiation.
A21 B12 and B in the above three equations are called
Einstein's Coefficients.

19. How lasers are classified? or Mention the various

types of lasers. (A.U. May 2019)
i) Solid state lasers
(ii) Gas lasers

(ii) Liquid lasers

(iv) Dye lasers

(v) Semiconductor lasers.

20. What is Nd YAG laser? -

(A.U. May 2020)

Nd -YAG is a
neodymium based laser.

Nd -

Neodymium (rare earth element Nd").

YAG Yittrium Aluminium Garnet

(Y, Al, O1).
It is a four level solid state laser.
 5.57
What are the
applications of Nd-YAG laser 7
4. Jan. 2017)
(It finds
many applications in and
lluminators ren,e finders
t It finds
applications in resistor trimming.
miero machining operations such scribin8
etc
as welding. drilling
I t finds applications in medical field like
urology, neurosurgery, ENT. endoscopy.
dental surgery and gynaecology, dermatology.
general surgery.
What is CO laser ?
(A.U. Jan. 2016)
It is four level molecular
a
gas laser. The active medium
this laser is CO gas. Laser transition takes place between
the vibrational energY states of the
CO, molecules. It is a very
useful and efficient laser.

B. What is the active medium in

CO, laser?
(A.U. May 2016)
A gas mixture
consisting of CO,, nitrogen and helium is
the active medium.

4. What the
are
applications of C0, laser?
(A.U. April 2017)
i) High lasers find
power CO, applications in materials
processing, welding, drilling, cutting. soldering ete..
because of their very high output power.
(11) It is used in laser remote sensing
(11) It has found wide applications in neurosurgery and
general surgery.
v) It is used to perform micro-surgery and bloodless

operations.
 5 58 Engineering Physics
25. What is semiconduetor laser 7 (A.U. Jan. 2019)
Semiconductor diode laser is a specially fabricnted p
Junction device. It emits laser light when it is forward biased

26. What is homo-junction laser? (A.U Jan. 2020)

Homo-junction means that a p-n junction is formed from
a single crystalline material.

Example: Gallium Arsenide (GaAs).

27. What are the drawbacks of homojunction laser

diodes ? (A.U. April 2019)
The output beam has large divergence.
.Coherence and stability are poor.

Optical confinement is very poor.

28. What are the applications of semiconductor laser?

(A.U. May 2018)
G) It is mostly used in optical fiber communications.
(i) It is used to heal the wounds by means of infrared
radiation.
ii) It is used in computer laser printers and for writing
and reading CD's.

29. What is laser material processing? (A.U. May 2019)

Material processing involves cutting, welding, drilling and
surface treatment using laser beams.

When the material is exposed to laser light, then light

energy is converted into heat energy. Due to heating effect, the
material is heated then melted and vapourised. Also a fine beam
of laser acts like a machine tool to do
cutting, welding
etc.

30. Mention the applications of lasers in industry.

(A.U. Jan. 2015, May 2016)
Nd YAG and CO, lasers are very much used in industries
for the following processes
 59
)WWelding
Cutting

ai Drilling
Heat treatment of metallie and non
ceramic, glass) materials. metallie (plastic,
Non- Destructive Testing (NDT:
()Non

for flaws or defects without Testing the materials

damaging them.
What is laser welding?
(A.U. Dec 2018)
In this technique, a focussed laser beam is incident on
LTe the two parts are to be welded. spot
The spot-contact
n h e r e

welded due to heating affeet of points

fine laser beams.
What are the
advantages of laser
welding ?
(A.U May 2020)
) Laser welding is
contactless, therefore there is no
possibility introduction of harnmful impurities.
of
i) Laser welding can be
performed faster in atmospherie
pressure unlike electron beam welding where vacuum
is a must.

ii) Dissimilar materials can be welded

S3. What is heat treatment of laser?
(A.U. Jan 2019)
A powerful laser beam is incident on a
metal surface. That
ortion at which laser light is incident gets heated. As the beam
s moved away to other areas, the heated
spot cools down
rapidly. This procedure is used for heat treatment of metal
surfaces which enhances the strength of the metal.
34. What are advantages laser cutting? (A.U. Jan 2018)
i) Laser cutting is used for wide range of
processed
materials (paper, cloth, plywood, glass, ceramies, sheet
metal);
ii) This laser cutting introduces minimum mechanical
distortion and minimum thermal damage in the
material being cut
ii) This cutting process has high chemical purity.