Integumentary System

Integumentary System
The integumentary system is the set of organs that forms the external covering of the body and
protects it from many threats such as infection, desiccation, abrasion, chemical assault and
radiation damage.
Function of integumentary system: selectivepermiable/impermiable, secretion, sensation, heat
regulation, synthesizing and protection.
Integument is comprises of your skin and appendages.
To find surface use ‘’Rule of Nine’’
-Arm- 18%
-Leg – 36%
- Torso – 36%
- Head- 9%
- Perineum – 1%
Integumentary
• Skin- largest organ in the body.
- it’s impermeable to other molecules and
viruses.
- its also has immunologic function that it can
secrete things like anti bodies and lysozyme.
- Skin can also perceive things in the
environment. It conduct sensation.
- It also has a process called thermoregulation.
• Appendages- Organs such as hair, sweat
glands and sebaceous glands that develop
from the embryonic epidermis are labelled
appendages of the skin or epidermal
derivatives. Nail and the enamel of your teeth
also derive from the epidermis.
-its something that hangs off in your skin
-it involve something like nails, hair, glands
etc.
3 Layers of Skin
1.Epidermis-the outer layer of cells covering
an organism, in particular.
2.Dermis- the thick layer of living tissue
below the epidermis that forms the true skin,
containing blood capillaries, nerve endings,
sweat glands, hair follicles, and other
structures.
3.Subcutaneous tissue/hypodermis- It is used
mainly for fat storage. A layer of tissue lies
immediately below the dermis of vertebrate
skin.
1. Stratum Basale/stratum germinativum
(innermost) - the bottom most layer of the
epidermis.
-it first generates keratinocytes.
- It contains the rapid cell division.
- determines our skin color here.
a. Keratinocytes- keratino comes from protein
or an intermediate filament that’s called
‘’cytokeratin’’.
b. Melanocytes - contains a special pigment
called melanin that determines our skin color.
2. Stratum Spinosum- beneath basale.
-it contains desmosome that causes the layer
looks shriveled and spiny!
- Almost has immune cell that is called
‘’Langerhans cells’’.
3. Granulosum- beneath spinosum.
- In this layer keratinocytes with desmosome
starts to have granules that is called
keratohyalin granules.
- Keratohyalin granules produces keratine-
handling proteins. Releases lamellar bodies
that contains bunch of lipids. This lipids
comes together and forms that sits at the
top of the skin( this lipids is impermeable).
4. Stratum Lucidum- this layer is lucid/clear.
- In this layer keratinocytes are dead. We
they’re dead because there nuclei are gone.
- Keratinocytes will no longer contain the
granules or the keratohyalin granules, that
keratinocytes are clearer.
5. Stratum Corneum- top most layer of our
skin.
-contains of dead stack up to 15-20 layers of
keratinocytes.
- Dead keratinocytes will randomly and
continuously slough off. Reptiles has
different.
Epidermis
Made of Epithelial Tissue.
Has 5 layers that is called ‘’Strata’’.
1st (outermost layer) corneum
2nd lucidum
3rd (middle strata)granulosum
4th spinosum
5th (innermost layer)basale
Dermis- mostly made of dense connective tissue. Which
contains actin, litany, collagen and other structural protein.
-It has 2 major regions it that is Papillary and Reticular
Dermis.
-vascular layer
-elastic fibers- gives the skin’s elasticity.
1. Papillary dermis- in this layer it has thin loose
connective tissue
- There are two layers of papillary dermis- dermal
papillae, and papillary region.
- areolar connective tissue
- Blood vessels are found here
- Nerve endings are also found here. That allows us to
touch/pain.
- Has fibroblast that produces fibrous tissue.
- There is interconnective fiber’s of collagen
2. Reticular Dermis- Thicker dense connective tissue.
dense irregular connective tissue.
- Sweat glands, hair follicle and arrector pili muscle are
found in this dermal layer. That when arrector pili
contract causes the hairs to stand on end, known
colloquially as goose bumps.
- Thick collagen fibers- these are the network of collagen
fibers forming huge tensile strength
- Has fibroblast that produces fibrous tissue.
- Glycoprotein matrix/glycoprotein substance- fills up the
space of thick collagen fibers. Which attracts water

Hypodermis/subcutaneous fat- this layer is filled with layers

of fat.
-its function is to absorb shocks and insulate our tissue.
Cutaneous Glands:
1.Holocrine Glands- wHole cell breaks down
to release sebum
- This is found on the face, back and the
chest.
- Its function is to lubricate the skin and
slows the bacterial growth.
2. Apocrine – Apex/top of the skin breaks off
to release protiens, lipids and steroids.
- Found on armpits, groin and nipples.
- Release their content in hair follicle
- Release their secretion when puberty
hits.
- Emotional sweating.
3. Merocrine- Release watery sweat by
exocytosis.
- Found everywhere else in the skin.
- Cools down by the process evaporative
cooling
- Eliminate waste
- Release lysozyme and antibodies.
Overview of Sensation

Mechanoreceptors/sen
sory receptors- is a sensory
receptor that responds to mechanical
pressure or distortion.
- In order to know its function you
need to know it’s structure. And
order to know it’s function you need
to determine its function.
1.Meissner’s Corpuscle/Tactile
Corpuscle- discovered by anatomist
Georg Meissner (1829–1905) and
Rudolf Wagner) are a type of
mechanoreceptor.
- touch receptors located near the
surface of the skin.
- Non hairy
- If its disc moves it allows ions like
Sodium(Na) that leaks down into
the bottom of the Meissner’s
corpuscle which afferent nerve
fiber meet and fires action
potential.
- Action potential- the change in
electrical potential associated with
the passage of an impulse along
the membrane of a muscle cell or
nerve cell.
- Meissner’s corpuscle – requires
constantly changing stimulus in
order to fire AP.
2.Pacinian’s Corpuscle/Lamellar
corpuscles/Onion layered mechanoreceptors-
-lamella means layer.
-specialize epithelial cell.
- In the center of this corpuscle you can find
the afferent nerve fiber
- Perceives deep touch. And also needed
constantly changing stimulus
- Found on the reticular dermis and
sometimes in the hypodermis/
subcutaneous fat.

3. Merkels disc- Merkel cells in the basal

epidermis of the skin store serotonin which
they release to associated nerve endings in
response to pressure.
- Specialized keratenocytes
- Merkels dics hold a bunch of
vesicles(pockets that have membrane
around them). This pockets hold a neuro
peptide
- Also has afferent nerve fibers.
- When vesicle receives emit force it opens
Ruffini’s corpuscle- coated with collagen
( structural protein)
- If collagen were shift in the intact
nerve fibers it opens up ions channel
which when ions gets into afferent
nerve fibers it fires AP.
- Perceive sustained deep touch
- Found on reticular dermis.

Hair Follicle receptors- hair deflection

causes ions to leaks in so long as there is
an active space to the afferent nerve
fibers
- Perceived light touch on hairy skins.
- Found on reticular dermis
- Requires constantly changing
stimulus in order to fire. Because of
collagen.
APPENDAGES
• Hair follicles.
• Sebaceous glands.
• Apocrine sweat glands.
• Eccrine sweat glands.
• Nails.

Cuts and Healing

Step 1. Inflammation- makes the blood vessels expand.
Step 2. Migration- fibroblast are migrating to secrete CT to rebind the damage/separated area. Reduces blood flow.
Phagocytosis are initiated at this stage to clean the debris.
Step 3. Proliferation- continued fibroblast production. And phagocytosis is decreased
Step 4. Maturation- damages cells are replaced.

Burns
1st degree burn
2nd degree burn
3rd degree burn
4th degree burn
Mucous membrane – secretes mucus that helps us to lubricate and protect.
Mucus- components of lots of compouns eg. Protiens, fats and salts. Also the most important content of what makes
mucus so versatile is mucins(glycoprotien class).
- How does it becomes watery slimy fluid?. Long chain of sugar attach to amino acids which after then dissolve by
hydrophilic sugar chains.
- Mucus contains mucins, anti microbial peptides, anti- bodies, and bacteriophages.
- When bacteria lives in mucus majorities are beneficial. Like synthesizing vitamins, suppressing harmful
inflammation and controlling growth of harmful bacterias.
- Functions: lubricate, keeps body clean, fight infection and domesticating bacterial population.