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Analog Communications: Course On
Analog Communications: Course On
Course on
ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
II year R16
II Semester Regulation
Presented by:
G Sandeep V Padmakar
Assistant Professor
Dept. of ECE
RCE
Contents
Frequency Domain Description
Bandwidth of an AM wave
Important formulae related to modulation index
Power relations in AM wave
Transmission Efficiency
Numerical problems
Generation of AM signals
Detection of AM signals
Numericals for practice
Frequency Domain Description
We know that the AM signal is given by
S(t) = Ac (1 + μ Cos 2π*fm*t ) Cos(2π*fc*t)
= Ac Cos(2π*fc*t) + Acμ Cos (2π*fm*t) Cos(2π*fc*t)
= Ac Cos(2π*fc*t) + Acμ [2 Cos (2π*fm*t) Cos(2π*fc*t)]
2
BW = fUSB – fLSB
= (fc+fm) – (fc-fm)
= 2fm
The Bandwidth required for the AM signal is twice the
frequency of the modulating signal.
Cont…
We have
S(t) = Ac Cos(2π*fc*t) + Acμ Cos 2π(fc+fm)t + Acμ Cos 2π(fc-fm)t
2 2
Apply Fourier Transform to the above equation, we get
S(f) = Ac [δ(f-fc)+ δ(f+fc)] + Acμ [δ(f-(fc+fm)+ δ(f-(fc+fm))]
2 4
+ Acμ [δ(f-(fc-fm)+ δ(f-(fc-fm))]
4
Thus the spectrum of an AM wave for the case of sinusoidal modulation
consists of delta function at ±fc, fc ±fm and -fc ±fm
c(t) = Am
m(t) = Am Cos(2π*fm*t)
Cos(2π*fc*t)
M(f) C(f)
-fm 0 fm -fc 0 fc
Modulated signal
S(f)
S(f)
┊
┊
Ac ┊ Ac
2 ┊ 2
Acμ
Acμ ┊ Acμ Acμ
4 ┊ 4
4 4
┊
┊
┊
-fc-
-fc -fc+fm 0 fc-fm fc fc+fm
fm
BW = 2fm
Am
Am Amax
Amin
In the above figure Amax and Amin represent the maximum and minimum
values of the envelope of the modulated wave
Cont…
From the above figure we have,
Am+Am = Amax – Amin
2Am = Amax – Amin ⇒ Am = Amax + Amin
2
Ac = Am + Amin = Amin + Amax – Amin
2
⇒
Ac = Amax + Amin
2
⇒ Pt = Pc + PUSB + PLSB
Cont…
The average carrier power is
⇒ Amplitude = Ac
Vrms = Ac/√2
carrier power = (Ac/√2)² [∵ Pac = Vrms² ]
R 2R
⇒ Pc = Ac²
2R
Pt = Ac² {1 + μ² }
2R 2
⇒ Pt = Pc {1 + μ² }
2
μ²
⇒ transmission efficiency = η% = × 100%
2 + μ²
Numerical Problems
A modulating signal m(t) = 10 Cos(2π*10³*t) is amplitude
modulated with a carrier c(t) = 50 Cos(2π*10⁵*t). Find the
modulation index, carrier power and the power required to
transmit the AM wave.
Sol: Given m(t) = 10 Cos(2π*10³*t) ⇒ Am = 10 v, fm = 10³ Hz
and c(t) = 50 Cos(2π*10⁵*t) ⇒ Ac = 50 v, fc = 100 KHz
i) Modulation index μ = Am/Ac = 10/50 = 0.2
ii) Carrier power = Ac²/2R = 50²/2 = 1250 W (Consider R =1Ω)
iii) Total power = Ac²/ 2R {1 + μ²/2 }
= 1250 * {1+ 0.2²/2}
= 1275 W
Cont…
The equation for Amplitude Modulated wave is given as
S(t) = 20 (1 + 0.8 Cos 2π*10³ *t ) Cos(4π*10⁵ *t). Find the
carrier power, the total sideband power and the bandwidth
of AM wave.
Sol: on comparing the given equation with the standard
equation S(t) = Ac (1 + μ Cos 2π*fm*t ) Cos(2π*fc*t)
we have Ac = 20 V, μ = 0.8, fm = 10³ Hz and fc = 200 KHz
i) Carrier power Pc = Ac²/2R = 20²/2 = 200 W (Consider R =1Ω)
ii) Total sideband power PSB = Pcμ²/2
= 200 * 0.8²/2 = 64W
iii) Bandwidth = 2fm = 2 * 10³ Hz = 2 KHz
Generation of AM signals
The circuits which are used for the generation of Amplitude
modulated waves are known as AM modulators.
Use two methods Square law modulator
Switching modulator
Diode Characteristics:
V₁t=m(t)+Ac Cos(2πfct)
This signal V₁t is applied as an input to a nonlinear device
like diode. The characteristics of the diode are closely
related to square law.
V₂(t)=k₁V₁(t)+k₂V₁²(t)
where k₁ and k₂ are constants
Cont…
Now substitute the value of V₁t in the above equation, we get
V₂(t)=k₁[m(t)+Ac Cos(2πfct)]+ k₂[m(t)+Ac Cos(2πfct)]²
⇒V₂(t)= k₁m(t)+ k₁Ac Cos(2πfct) + k₂m²(t) + k₂Ac²Cos(2πfct)²
+ 2 k₂Ac Cos(2πfct)
⇒V₂(t )= k₁m(t)+ k₂m²(t) + k₂Ac²Cos(2πfct)²
+ k₁Ac [1+(2k₂/ k₁) m(t)] Cos(2πfct)
When passing the above equation through a BPF, we get the output
of a square law modulator as
S(t) = k₁Ac [1+(2k₂/ k₁) m(t)] Cos(2πfct)
2.Switching Modulator
V₂(t)=k₁V₁(t)+k₂V₁²(t)
Cont…
Substituting V₁(t)in V₂(t), we get
V₂(t) = k₁[Ac (1 + Ka m(t)) Cos(2π*fc*t)]+
k₂[Ac (1 + Ka m(t)) Cos(2π*fc*t)]²
⇒V₂(t)= k₁Ac Cos(2πfct) + k₁AcKam(t)Cos(2πfct) +
k₂Ac²[1+Cos(4πfct)/2] (1+ka²m(t)²+2Kam(t))
V₂(t) = k₁Ac Cos(2πfct) + k₁AcKam(t)Cos(2πfct) +
k₂Ac²/2+
[k₂Ac²/2* Cos(4πfct)] + [k₂Ac²ka²m(t)²/2Cos(4πfct)]+
[k₂Ac²ka²m(t)²/2]+[k₂Ac²kam(t)]+[k₂Ac²kam(t)Cos(4πfct)
THANK YOU