CHA PT E R 1

INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE
(PART A)
OBJECTIVES
AT THE END OF THIS SUB-CHAPTER, STUDENTS SHOULD
BE ABLE TO:

• DIFFERENTIATE DATA AND INFORMATION

• DIFFERENTIATE FILE PROCESSING AND DATABASE
SYSTEM

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DATA VS INFORMATION

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DATA VS INFORMATION

Data Process Information

• Raw fact • Activity • Processe

that use d data
data as • Reveal
input meaning
of data

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CLASSIFY DATA & INFORMATION
DATA INFORMATION
• CUSTOMER NAME : JOHN • TOTAL : $1000
MATHEWS
• SERVICE TAX : 12.8
• NO OF PEOPLE : 04 • EDU. CESS : 12.8
• MENU : TOMATO SOUP, VAGE
KABAB • DISCOUNT : 9.6
• PRICE : $500 • CASHBACK : 10
• QUANTITY : 02 • NET : $990

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CLASSIFY DATA & INFORMATION
DATA INFORMATION
• AUGUST 09,2015 • 3 NIGHTS
• AUGUST 12,2015 • CLASSIC X1
• HUNNY208@GMAIL.COM • COMPLETED
• 019-2356624 • RM 497.81
• NUR HANI ZULKIFLI ABAI • RM152.14
• 3 ADULTS • RM649.95
• CLASSIC
• FREE WIFI
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DATA VS INFO - CONCLUSION

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 CAN YOU
DIFFERENTIATE
IT??
ASSESSMENT 1.1

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FILE-BASED SYSTEMS
• COLLECTION OF APPLICATION PROGRAMS THAT
PERFORM SERVICES FOR THE END USERS (E.G.
REPORTS).

• EACH PROGRAM DEFINES AND MANAGES ITS OWN

DATA.

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FILE-BASED PROCESSING

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LIMITATIONS OF FILE-
BASED APPROACH
Separation and isolation of data
Each program maintains its own set of data.
Users of one program may be unaware of potentially
useful data held by other programs.

Duplication of data
Same data is held by different programs.
Wasted space and potentially different values and/or
different formats for the same item.

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LIMITATIONS OF FILE-
BASED APPROACH
DATA DEPENDENCE
FILE STRUCTURE IS DEFINED IN THE PROGRAM CODE.

INCOMPATIBLE FILE FORMATS

PROGRAMS ARE WRITTEN IN DIFFERENT LANGUAGES, AND SO
CANNOT EASILY ACCESS EACH OTHERS FILES.

FIXED QUERIES/PROLIFERATION OF APPLICATION PROGRAMS

PROGRAMS ARE WRITTEN TO SATISFY PARTICULAR FUNCTIONS.
ANY NEW REQUIREMENT NEEDS A NEW PROGRAM.

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LIMITATIONS OF FILE-
BASED APPROACH
• DEFINITION OF DATA WAS EMBEDDED IN APPLICATION
PROGRAMS, RATHER THAN BEING STORED SEPARATELY AND
INDEPENDENTLY.

• NO CONTROL OVER ACCESS AND MANIPULATION OF DATA

BEYOND THAT IMPOSED BY APPLICATION PROGRAMS.

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MORE STUDY MATERIAL

READ THIS ARTICLE IN ONLINE LEARNING

• KNOWLEDGE 1.1 - FILE BASED SYSTEM

AND WATCH THIS VIDEO

• KNOWLEDGE 1.2 : DIFFERENT BETWEEN DATABASE AND FILE-BASED SYSTEM

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WHAT IS
DATABASE • HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=
T8JGX1F8KC4
?
DATABASE
SHARED COLLECTION OF LOGICALLY RELATED DATA
(AND A DESCRIPTION OF THIS DATA), DESIGNED TO
MEET THE INFORMATION NEEDS OF AN ORGANIZATION.
LOGICALLY RELATED DATA COMPRISES ENTITIES,
ATTRIBUTES, AND RELATIONSHIPS OF AN
ORGANIZATION'S INFORMATION.
DESCRIPTION OF DATA KNOWN AS SYSTEM
CATALOG (METADATA OR DATA DICTIONARY)
PROVIDES PROGRAM–DATA INDEPENDENCE.
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EXAMPLES OF DATABASE
APPLICATIONS
• PURCHASES FROM THE SUPERMARKET
• PURCHASES USING YOUR CREDIT CARD
• BOOKING A HOLIDAY AT THE TRAVEL AGENTS
• USING THE LOCAL LIBRARY
• TAKING OUT INSURANCE
• USING THE INTERNET
• STUDYING AT UNIVERSITY

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LOGICALLY RELATED
DATA
• ENTITY – A DISTINCT OBJECT IN THE ORGANIZATION, I.E.
A PERSON, PLACE, THING, CONCEPT, OR EVENT.
• ATTRIBUTE – A PROPERTY THAT DESCRIBES SOME
ASPECT OF ENTITY.
• RELATIONSHIP – AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ENTITIES
Watch this video

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END OF P A R T A
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