Group 1

Gear, Contact Ratio,

Interference
Henric Villegas
Jayson Tenorio
Mark Saquian
Ian Marlon Migallon
PatrickSy
Tristan Joseph Chico
History or Gears
Chinese South-Pointing Chariot
Gears are considered as one of the oldest
equipment known to mankind. The origin of
gears goes down to the Chinese South-
Pointing Chariot in the 27th Century B.C.
This chariot was known to pointing to the
south no matter how it was turned.
Description of gears
Aristotle has the credit to his name of
giving the earliest description of gears in
the 4th century B.C. According to his
definition, the direction of rotation is
reversed when one ear wheel drives another
gear wheel. Gears have been used by the
Greek Inventors in water wheels and clocks.
The sketches of various types of gears of
this time can be found in the notebooks of
Leonardo da Vinci.
Ancient Greek mechanism discovered
in 1901
 Driven by a storm from their usual area of
work, a crew of Greek sponge divers found
themselves off the Aegean island of
Antikythera.

 Derek Price’s conclusions in 1958

Definition of Terms
 Gears are toothed cylindrical wheels used in
transmitting motion and power from one
rotating shaft to another (Duaso,2013).
 Gears are used to transmit motion from a

rotating shaft to another which rotates, or

from rotatingshafttoabody which translates
and which canbeconsideredasrotating about
an axis at infinity (Martin,1982).
 Pitch circle - it is an imaginary circle which
by pure rolling action, would give the same
motion as the actual gear.
 Pitch circle diameter - it is the diameter of

the pitch circle.

 Pitch point - it is a common point of contact

between two pitch circles.

 Addendum - it is a radial distance of a

tooth from the pitch circle to the top of the

tooth.
 Dedendum - it is the radial distance of a
tooth from the pitch circle to the bottom of
the tooth.
 Addendum circle - it is the circle drawn

through the top of the teeth and is

concentric withh the pitch circle.
 Dedendum circle - it is the circle drawn

through the bottom of the teeth.

 Circular pitch - it is the distance measured

on the circumference of the pitch cirlce

from a point of one tooth to the
corresponding point on the next tooth.
 Diametral pitch - it is the ratio of number of
teeth to the pitch circle diameter.
 Module - it is the ratio of the pitch circle

diameter to the number of teeth.

 Clearance - it is the radial distance from the

top of the tooth to the bottom of the tooth.

 Whole depth - it is the radial distance

between the addendum and the dedendum

circle of a gear.
 Working depth - it is the radial distance

from the addendum circle to the clearance

circle.
 Tooth thickness - it is the width of the
tooth measured along the pitch circle.
 Tooth space - it is the width of space

between the two adjacent teeth measured

along the pitch circle.
 Backlash - it is the difference between the

tooth space and the tooth thickness, as

measured on the pitch circle.
 Design

(Equations)
Terms used in gears
 1. Pitch circle. It is an imaginary circle which by pure rolling action,
would give the same motion as the actual gear.
 2. Pitch circle diameter. It is the diameter of the pitch circle. The size of
the gear is usually specified by the pitch circle diameter. It is also called
as pitch diameter.
 3. Pitch point. It is a common point of contact between two pitch circles.
 4. Pressure angle or angle of obliquity. It is the angle between the
common normal to two gear teeth at the point of contact and the
common tangent at the pitch point. It is usually denoted by ϕ. The
standard pressure angles are 14 1/2° and 20°.
 5. Addendum. It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to
the top of the tooth.
 6. Dedendum. It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to
the bottom of the tooth.
 7. Addendum circle. It is the circle drawn through the top of the teeth
and is concentric with the pitch circle.
 8. Dedendum circle. It is the circle drawn through the bottom of the
teeth. It is also called root circle.
 9. Circular pitch. It is the distance measured on the circumference of the
pitch circle from a point of one tooth to the corresponding point on the
next tooth.
 10. Diametral pitch. It is the ratio of number of teeth to the pitch circle
diameter. It is denoted by Pd.
 11. Module. It is the ratio of the pitch circle diameter to the number of
teeth. It is usually denoted by m. Mathematically, Module, m = D / T
The recommended series of modules are 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6,
8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40 and 50.
 12. Clearance. It is the radial distance equal to the difference between
the dedendum and addendum, in a meshing gear.
 13. Whole depth or Total Depth. It is the radial distance between the
addendum and the dedendum circle of a gear. It is equal to the sum of
the addendum and dedendum.
 14. Working depth. It is radial distance from the addendum circle to
the clearance circle. It is equal to the sum of the addendum of the two
meshing gears.
 15. Tooth thickness. It is the width of the tooth measured along the
pitch circle.
 16. Tooth space. It is the width of space between the two adjacent
teeth measured along the pitch circle.
 17. Backlash. It is the difference between the tooth space and the tooth
thickness, as measured on the pitch circle.
 18. Face of the tooth. It is surface of the tooth above the pitch surface.
 19. Top land. It is the surface of the top of the tooth.
 20. Flank of the tooth. It is the surface of the tooth below the pitch
surface.
 21. Face width. It is the width of the gear tooth measured parallel to
its axis.
 22. Profile. It is the curve formed by the face and flank of the tooth.
 23. Fillet radius. It is the radius that connects the root circle to the
profile of the tooth.
 24. Path of contact. It is the path traced by the point of contact of
two teeth from the beginning to the end of engagement.
 25. Length of the path of contact. It is the length of the common
normal cut-off by the addendum circles of the wheel and pinion.
 26. Arc of contact. It is the path traced by a point on the pitch circle
from the beginning to the end of engagement of a given pair of
teeth. The arc of contact consists of two parts, i.e. (a) Arc of
approach. It is the portion of the path of contact from the beginning
of the engagement to the pitch point. (b) Arc of recess. It is the
portion of the path of contact from the pitch point to the end of the
engagement of a pair of teeth.
 27. Contact ratio. It is the ratio of the length of arc of contact to the
circular pitch i.e. number of pairs of teeth in contact.
  
P=pitch point
 D= pitch diameter
 C= center distance =

 = Velocity Ratio or
speed ratio or gear ratio
(if A is the driver)
   addendum
a=
 b= dedendum
 Whole depth = a+b
 C=clearance=b-a
 Working depth =

Whole depth – c
 t= tooth space
 t= tooth thickness

(circular thickness)
 backlash = ts-tt
 =circular pitch = ts +

tt
 Circular and Diametral Pitch
  
=circular pitch = ts + tt
 Module = m = D/T
 T= no. of teeth
 T= circumference of pitch circle = πD

 ; = πm
Simple Analysis of Load in Spur Gears
  
=Normal Load
 =tangential load = (cosф)
 = radial load =Wn (sinф)
 Minimum number of teeth in pinion in
order to avoid interference
Interference may only be avoided, if the point of contact between the two
teeth is always on the involute profiles of both the teeth. The minimum
number of teeth on the pinion which will mesh with any gear without
interference are given in the following table.
Minimum number of teeth in pinion
in order to avoid interference
  
 Aw=Factor by which the standard

addendum for the wheel should be

multiplied by the module
 G = gear ratio or velocity ratio =
 Ф = pressure angle or angle of obliquity
 The tip of tooth on the pinion will then
undercut the tooth on the wheel at the root
and remove part of the involute profile of
tooth on the wheel.
 This effect is known as interference and

occurs when the teeth are being cut.

 In summary, the phenomenon when the tip of

a tooth undercuts the root on its mating gear

is known as interference.
Checking for Interference
 Minimum
pitch radius of
the pinion to
avoid
interference.
Best practice
 Contact ratio of gears

 The contact ratio means the ratio that

represents the average number of gear tooth
pairs in contact for a pair of meshing gears. A
greater contact ratio can create a smoother
operation. The contact ratio is the average
number of teeth that are in contact when
the gears are meshed and revolved.
Gear Ratio
• A gear ratio is the ratio used to determine the angular speed
and torque of a geared system.

Number of driven teeth : Number of driver teeth

Also written as:

Driven teeth
Driver teeth

• If a set of gears has a driver and driven gearof the same size.
The gear ratio would be 1:1.
• This causes a change in the direction of the motion with no
change to speed or torque.
Chain and Sprocket System
 A chain and sprocket is a gear system where the
gears are not in physical contact with each other.
Instead they are connected by a chain.
The same principle of gear ratio applies to chain and sprocket
systems.
Product Process
Sy Patrick
Fundamental Law of Gearing
 For constant angular velocity
ratio, point P must be fixed for
all phases of the mechanism
 It states that in order for a pair

of gears to transmit a constant

angular-velocity ratio, the
shape of their contacting
profiles must be such that the
common normal passes
through a fixed point on the
line of centers.
 Any mating profiles that

satisfies the law above are

called conjugate profiles
 ω1/ ω2 =O2P / O1P
 Two involute gears,
the left driving the
right: Blue arrows
show the contact
forces between
them. 
Involute gear teeth

 Involute
curve: path
generated by
a tracing
point on a
cord as the
cord is
unwrapped
from base
cylinder
GEAR QUALITY
ASSURANCE
Quality Assurance
 defined as an activity to ensure that an organization is
providing the best possible product or service to customers
 aims to prevent defects with a focus on the process used to

make the product.

Gear Inspection
 an important procedure for checking not only the overall
quality of the manufactured gear, but it also provides
insights to the efficiency and level of control of the
manufacturing process.
 It will ensure that the parts are made to meet quality

standards, as well as customer demands.

Inspection Procedures
 Visual Inspection
 Dimensional Inspection
 Mechanical Inspection
 Materials Inspection
 Packaging Inspection
Visual Inspection
 Inspect and ensure the appropriate number of teeth on the gears
 Inspect for signs of wear, pitting, corrosion and cracks

 Perform a gear roll test to establish the gear tooth thickness and

if the thickness conforms to international specifications.

Dimensional Inspection
 Perform a total composite error test to inspect for nicks on a
gear tooth
 Measure the geometric dimensions of the gear
 Weigh the gears and record the measurements
Mechanical Inspection
 Vibration inspection tests are performed to ensure the gears mesh
properly and do not create any vibration
 Acid etch inspection tests are performed to to detect evidence of the
gears experiencing grinding burn or overheating.
Materials Inspection
 Check every material used against approved samples through
comparison
 Verify coating thickness against agreed upon specifications using a
coating thickness checker.

Packaging Inspection
 Inspect necessary packaging marks including brand and model, quantity per packaging,
name and place of business of distributor, country of origin, logos and marks from standards
organizations, and stacking and handling marks
 Check the safety markings in wind turbine parts for clarity, size, color
Application of
Gears
In mechanical systems where we’ll require
simple design, more efficient power transfer,
and low speed applications where noise does
not matter, we should go for spur gears. While
a helical gears are normally prefered to work
under heavy load efficiently
Spur gears and helical gears have a wide range
of application. They are used in:

 Metal cutting machines

 Machine Engine

Mechanical Clock
or Watches
 Fuel Pumps

 Washing Machines
 Rolling Mill

 Elevators
 Conveyors
 Rack and Pinion mechanisms

 Automobile gear boxes