FIRE

TRIANGLE
 STATISTICS FROM BFP AND PSA
A. How many fire incidents were recorded for 2013 nationwide? Ans.
12,301 incidents
B. How many people died from fire incidents for 2013 in NCR? Ans.
58 people
C. How many fire incidents were caused by cigarette butts for 2012
nationwide? For 2013? Ans. 581 and 736 incidents respectively
D. How many fire incidents were caused by faulty electrical
wiring/connection for 2012 nationwide? For 2013? Ans. 2861 and
3532 incidents respectively
E. How many fire incidents were caused by neglected electrical
appliances/devices for 2013 nationwide? Ans. 408 incidents
The BFP Operational Procedures Manual has list down the causes of fire as
follows:
A. Faulty electrical wiring or J. Electrical machineries
connection K. Chemicals
B. LPG-related L. Incendiary device or ignited
C. Neglected cooking or stove flammable liquid
D. Cigarette butt M. Spontaneous combustion
E. Unattended open flame: torch or N. Pyrotechnics
sulo O. Bomb explosion
F. Unattended open flame: candle or P. Lightning
gasera
Q. Others (forest fire, vehicular fire,
G. Matchstick or lighter etc.)
H. Direct flame contact or static
electricity
I. Neglected electrical appliances or
devices
 Evaluate and list down the fire triangle in the
ff.
A. Bonfire being lit while camping
B. Stove fire used for cooking rice
C. Lamp (gasera) used for areas where electricity is unavailable
D. Lighter used for lighting cigarettes
E. Grilling barbeques using charcoal
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
 FIVE (5) FIRE CLASSES
I. Class A – fuels are ordinary combustibles such as wood, paper, plastic, or
anything that leaves ash.
II. Class B – fuels are flammable or combustible liquids like petroleum oil,
gasoline, paint, and flammable gasses such as propane and butane. Cooking
oils and grease are NOT part of class B fires.
III. Class C – fuels are energized electrical fires like motors, transformers, and
appliances. Once the power or source of electricity is removed, the fire
becomes one of the other classes of fire.
IV. Class D – fuels are combustible metals like potassium, sodium, aluminum,
titanium, and magnesium.
V. Class K – fuels are cooking oils, grease such as animal fat and vegetable
fats.
Phases
of Fire
What to know?
I. Emergency contact numbers specially the nearest fire
station
II. Exit points
III. Location of fire hose and fire extinguishers
IV. Proper use of fire hose and fire extinguishers
V. Proper precautionary measures (e.g. proper storage
of combustibles, fuels, etc.)
I. Ignition – First stage: heat, oxygen, and fuel source combine and
have a chemical reaction (fire triangle is complete)
A. Also known as incipient
B. 2 types: Piloted ignition and auto ignition
C. Piloted ignition – fuel + oxygen + external heat source (spark)
D. Auto ignition – combustion by heat without spark or flame
E. Smoke and heat is produced.
F. Oxygen supply = 21%
G. Does not have high temperatures
H. Breathing is barely affected.
II. Growth – Expansion of fire, depletion of oxygen supply, and increase in
temperature
A. Also known as free burning phase
B. Oxygen supply is less than 21%
C. Temperatures reach between 640° to 870°
D. Factors that affect the growth of fire: (1) fuel load, (2) fuel type, (3)
orientation of fuel relative to fire, (4) available oxygen, (5) ceiling height, (6)
potential for thermal layering
E. Fire influences the environment and is influenced by the environment.
F. High levels of carbon monoxide.
G. Breathing becomes difficult.
H. Highly dangerous flashovers may occur anytime.
III. Fully Developed – All fuels have been ignited and burning.
A. Hottest phase of a fire
B. Fire is now dependent on the amount of oxygen.
C. Spread of flammable gases within the area
D. Oxygen supply < 16%
E. Too much carbon monoxide is present

IV. Decay – Fire starts to diminish as fuel and/or oxygen is consumed

A. Also known as smoldering phase
B. Usually the longest stage of a fire
C. Characterized by significant decrease in oxygen and fuel
D. Backdraft could potentially occur.
• Definition of terms:
1. Backdraft – phenomenon in which fire that has consumed all available
oxygen suddenly explodes when more oxygen is made available, usually
because a door or window is opened
2. Flashover – rapid transition from the growth to fully developed stage;
materials in room ignite all at once; tongues of flame roll across ceiling;
radiant heat affects materials in room, raising them to ignition temperature
3. Fuel load – total amount of potential fuel for a fire in a given area
4. Ignition temperature – minimum temperature at which a substance burns
5. Thermal layering – tendency of gases to form into layers according to
temperature (hottest gases at the top layer, cooler gases form at the lower
layers)
How heat is transferred?
• Radiation – heat transfer through empty space by
electromagnetic waves
• Conduction – heat transfer through a medium
without visible motion (mere contact)
• Convection – heat transfer through a circulating
medium (usually fluids)
 Types of Burns
1. First degree – skin is red
• “Cool a burn” = Hold burn under running cool tap water
2. Second degree – skin is red and blistery
• “Cool a burn” and see a doctor if the burn is large or blisters
are damaged.
3. Third degree – skin is gray, dry, and with no feeling
• Don’t remove clothing from burn area.
• Go to emergency room immediately.
PERFORMANCE TASK
1. Divide the class into 3 groups.
2. Ask them to brainstorm about the following situations:
a. Group 1. If you are in a burning room (fire phase: from ignition
to growth), what do you need to do in order to survive?
b. Group 2. If you are in a burning room (fire phase: fully
developed to decay), what do you need to do to in order to
survive?
c. Group 3. If you were able to observe a place being devoured by
fire, what do you need to do?
IF INSIDE A BURNING AREA
A. Once you hear the fire alarm, evacuate to a safe area right
away.
B. If you see fires, pull fire alarms as you exit the area. Inform
other people present in the area of the fire that is occurring.
C. If the fire is still small and can be extinguished, use an
appropriate fire extinguisher (recall the different classes of
fire). Usually, normal fire extinguishers do the job, but if
unavailable, buckets of water or damp cloths would do.
Note: One should only fight a fire if the fire department has been notified, the fire is small, fire is confined to its
point of origin, an escape route is available, and one can fight the fire with their back to the exit.
D. If the fire is already large and is rapidly spreading (growth phase),
immediately find the nearest exit and exit the area.
E. Touch doors first to check if they are warm before opening them. If
they are warm, do not attempt to open and proceed to a different
route.
F. Use the stairs not elevators.
G. Close all windows and doors that you can reach as you exit.
H. If there is smoke, stay as low as possible. Also, try to cover your
nose to prevent inhalation.
I. Once outside, move away from the exits and assemble in a safe
area designated by the evacuation plan of the area or by emergency
response teams.
IF OUTSIDE A BURNING AREA
A. Do not attempt to go inside the burning area.
B. Immediately contact the nearest fire station and other
emergency response numbers.
C. Listen and follow orders of the emergency response teams.
D. Organize/Participate in a bucket relay. Bucket relay is when
people help the fire fighters by passing buckets full of water
either to try to extinguish the fire or to prevent the fire from
further spreading.
ASSIGNMENT
1. Discuss the fire preparedness plan with their
family.
2. Document the discussion (write-ups, pictures,
videos, etc.).