Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture 2 Outline
Announcements
HW 0 due today
Makeup lecture for first class (sorry for confusion):
Thurs eve or Friday lunch (w/ food)? Feb 2/3 or Feb 9/10?
Bandwidth Sharing in Multiuser Channels
FD, TD, CD, SD, Hybrid
Overview of Multiuser Channel Capacity
Capacity of Broadcast Channels
AWGN, Fading, and ISI
Capacity
of MAC Channels
MIMO Channels
Review of Last Lecture:
Uplink and Downlink
Uplink (Multiple Access x R3
Channel or MAC):
Many Transmitters h3(t)
to One Receiver. x h22(t)
Downlink (Broadcast x h21(t)
x h1(t)
Channel or BC):
One Transmitter R2
to Many Receivers. R1
Time
R2
R2 R3
R1
R1
P
Ci B log 1
n B
i
Set of achievable rates includes (C1,0) and (0,C2), obtained by
allocating all resources to one user.
Rate Region: Time Division
Time Division (Constant Power)
Fraction of time allocated to each user is varied
U R 1 C1 , R2 (1 )C 2 ;0 1
Frequency Division
Bandwidth Bi and power Si allocated to each user is varied.
P P
U
R1 B1 log 1 1
, R2 B2 log 1
2
;
n1 B1 n2 B2
P1 P2 P, B1 B2 B
P1 P2
U
R B log 1 , R B log 1 ; P P P
n2 B S1
1 2 1 2
n1 B
B P1 B P2
U
R1 log 1 , R2 log 1 ; P1 P2 P
G n1 B / G P2 / G G n2 B / G P1 / G
Broadcast and MAC
Fading Channels
Broadcast: Wireless Wired
One Transmitter Gateway Network
to Many Receivers.
x g3(t)
Multiple Access: x g2(t)
Many Transmitters
x g1(t)
to One Receiver. R3
R2
R1
Goal: Maximize the rate region {R1,…,Rn}, subject to some minimum rate
constraints, by dynamic allocation of power, rate, and coding/decoding.
Assume transmit power constraint and perfect TX and RX CSI
Fading Capacity Definitions
Ergodic (Shannon) capacity: maximum long-term rates averaged over the
fading process.
Shannon capacity applied directly to fading channels.
Delay depends on channel variations.
Transmission rate varies with channel quality.
P ( n )
C (P ) R j E n B log1 ,
j
1 j M}
M
n j B Pi ( n )1[ n j n ]
i
i 1
The power constraint implies M
E n P j ( n) P
Superposition coding and successive decoding
j 1 achieve capacity
Best user in each state decoded last
C zero ( P ) P F nN C (P )
Pj ( n)
C (P ) R j B log 1 , 1 j M
M
n j B Pi (n)1[n j ni ]
Capacity region implicitly
defined i 1
relative to power:
For a given rate vector R and fading state n we find the
minimum power Pmin(R,n) that supports R.
RCzero(P) if En[Pmin(R,n)] P
Outage probability:
P E n:P min ( R ,n ) s* P min ( R, n)
Pr p ( n)
n:P min ( R ,n ) s*
Independent Outage
With independent outage cannot use the threshold approach:
Any subset of users can be active in each fading state.
Then optimally allocate the excess power to maximize the excess ergodic
rate.
0 else
Waterfilling to modified noise
Water-filling to Modified
Noise for SU Channel
Identical to the optimal power allocation scheme for ergodic capacity with modified noise and power
constraint.
P = 10 mW,
B = 100 KHz
P = 10 mW,
B = 100 KHz
P = 10 mW,
B = 100 KHz
P = 10 mW,
B = 100 KHz
H2 ( ) y2 k h2i xk i w2 k
i 1
V1n f
+ Y1n
Xn
+ Y2n
V2n
Channel Decomposition
The n-CGBC thus decomposes to a set of n parallel discrete
memoryless degraded broadcast channels with AWGN.
Can show that as n goes to infinity, the circular and original channel
have the same capacity region
equivalent channel.
Capacity Region of Parallel Set
Achievable Rates (no common information)
j Pj j Pj
R1 .5 log1 .5 log 1 ,
j: 1 j 2 j 1 j j: 1 j 2 j
(1 ) P
j j 1j
(1 j ) Pj (1 j ) Pj
R2 .5 log1 .5 log1 ,
P
j: 1 j 2 j j j 2 j j : 1 j 2 j 2 j
0 j 1, Pj n P 2
Capacity Region
For 0< find { }, {P } to maximize R +R + P .
j j 1 2 j
Let (R1*,R2*)n, denote the corresponding rate pair. R2
Cn={(R1*,R2*)n, : 0< }, C=liminfn C
1
n n.
R1
Limiting Capacity Region
( f ) P ( f ) | H 1 ( f ) |2 j Pj
R1 .5 log1 .5
log 1
,
f : H1 ( f ) H 2 ( f ) .5 N 0 f :H1 ( f ) H 2 ( f ) (1 j ) Pj 1 j
(1 ( f )) P ( f ) (1 ( f )) P ( f ) | H 2 ( f ) |2
R2 .5
f :H1 ( f ) H 2 ( f )
log1 .5
2 log1
( f ) P ( f ) .5 N 0 / | H 2 ( f ) | f :H1 ( f ) H 2 ( f ) .5 N 0
,
0 ( f ) 1, P ( f )df P
Optimal Power Allocation:
Two Level Water Filling
Capacity vs. Frequency
Capacity Region
Multiple Access Channel
Multiple transmitters
Transmitter i sends signal Xi with power Pi
iS
Ri B log 1 Pi / N 0 B ,
iS
S {1,..., M }
For all subsets of users, rate sum equals that of 1
superuser with sum of powers from all users
Ĉ2 Frequency division
SC w/out IC
Pi Ĉ1 C1
Ci B log 1 , i 1,2
N0 B
ˆ P1 ˆ P2
C1 B log 1 , C2 B log 1 ,
N 0 B P2 N 0 B P1
Fading and ISI
MAC capacity under fading and ISI determined using
similar techniques as for the BC
Similarities: P2
Optimal BC “superposition” coding is also optimal for
MAC (sum of Gaussian codewords)
Duality
Dual Broadcast and MAC Channels
Gaussian BC and MAC with same channel gains
and same noise power at each receiver
h1 ( n)
z1 (n)
h1 (n)
h1 h2
P1=0.5, P2=1.5
P1=1.5, P2=0.5
C BC ( P ; h1 , h2 ) C MAC ( P1 , P P1 ; h1 , h2 )
0 P1 P
Sum-Power
MAC
C BC ( P; h1 , h2 ) C (
MAC 1P , P P ;
1 1h , h2 ) C Sum
MAC ( P; h1 , h2 )
0 P1 P
P
BC to MAC: Channel
Scaling
Scale channel gain by , power by 1/
MAC capacity region unaffected by scaling
Scaled MAC capacity region is a subset of the scaled BC
capacity region for any
MAC region inside scaled BC region for anyscaling
P1 MAC
h1 h1 +
P1
+ P2
h2 +
h2
P2 BC
The BC from the
MAC
h2
Blue = Scaled BC
h1
Red = MAC
0
P1
C MAC ( P1 , P2 ; h1 , h2 ) C BC ( P2 ; h1 , h2 )
0
Duality: Constant AWGN
Channels
BC in terms of MAC
C BC ( P; h1 , h2 ) C MAC ( P1 , P P1 ; h1 , h2 )
0 P1 P
MAC in terms of BC
P1
C MAC ( P1 , P2 ; h1 , h2 ) C BC ( P2 ; h1 , h2 )
0
MAC in terms of BC
Blue = Scaled BC
Red = MAC
BC region known
MAC region can only be obtained by duality
What other capacity regions can be obtained by
Broadcast duality?
MIMO Channels
Broadcast MIMO Channel
t1 TX antennas
n1
(r1 t ) r11, r21 RX
H1 y1 H1x nantennas
1
H2 y2 H2x n 2
n1 ~ N(0, I r1 ) n 2 ~ N(0, I r2 )
Dirty Dirty
Paper Paper
Coding Coding
-1 0 +1
… …
-7 -5 -3 -1 0 +1 +3 +5 +7
S X
-1 0 +1
Capacity Results
Non-degraded broadcast channel
Receivers not necessarily “better” or “worse” due to
multiple transmit/receive antennas
Capacity region for general case unknown
det(I
Encoding order can be H1 (1 2 ) H1
switched
T
)
R1 log
DPC optimization complex
highly T
det(I H1 2 H1 )
Does DPC achieve capacity?
DPC yields MIMO BC achievable region.
We call this the dirty-paper region
H
CMAC ( P1 ,..., Pk ) ( R1 ,..., Rk ) : Rk log 2 det I H k Qk H k ,
kS kS
single
Basic idea same as S {user
1,..., K}
case
Pick some subset of users
The sum of those user rates equals the capacity as if the users pooled
their power
C DPC
BC ( P) C Sum
MAC ( P)
Transformations: MAC to
BC
Show any rate achievable in sum-power MAC also achievable
with DPC for BC:
DPC BC Sum MAC
DPC
C BC ( P ) C MAC
Sum
( P)
A sum-power MAC strategy for point (R 1,…RN) has a given input
covariance matrix and encoding order
We find the corresponding PSD covariance matrix and encoding order
to achieve (R1,…,RN) with DPC on BC
The rank-preserving transform “flips the effective channel” and
reverses the order
Side result: beamforming is optimal for BC with 1 Rx antenna at
each mobile
Transformations: BC to
MAC
Show any rate achievable with DPC in BC also
achievable in sum-power MAC:
DPC BC Sum MAC
C DPC
BC ( P) C Sum
MAC ( P)
C DPC
BC ( P) C Sum
MAC ( P)
Hard to compute DPC region (Caire/Shamai’00)
“Easy” to compute the MIMO MAC capacity
region
Obtain DPC region by solving for sum-power MAC and
applying the theorem
Fast iterative algorithms have been developed
Greatly simplifies calculation of the DPC region and the
associated transmit strategy
Sato Upper Bound on the
BC Capacity Region
Based on receiver cooperation
n1
+ y1
H1 Joint receiver
x
H2 n2
+ y2
inf max 1
sumrate
CBC (P,H) log | I Σ z1/2 HΣ x H T Σ z 1/2 |
z x noise
Explicit formula for worst-case 2 covariance
By Lagrangian duality, cooperative BC region equals the sum-rate
capacity region of MIMO MAC
MIMO BC Capacity Bounds
Single User Capacity Bounds
Dirty Paper Achievable Region
Original
Enhanced
Main Points
Shannon capacity gives fundamental data rate limits for multiuser wireless
channels
Capacity of broadcast MIMO channel obtained using duality and the notion of
an enhanced channel