Name 205

Shipbuilding Materials and Metallurgy

Present No: 16
Prof. Dr. Md. Abdul Gafur
PP&PDC, BCSIR and Adjunct Faculty, MIST

Strengthening
mechanism
• Solid Solution Hardening
• Precipitation Hardening
• Grain refining
• Work Hardening
 Solid Solution Hardening
• In metallic materials, one of the important effects of solid-solution
formation is the resultant solid-solution strengthening. This
strengthening, via solid-solution formation, is caused by increased
resistance to dislocation motion. This is one of the important reasons
why brass (Cu-Zn alloy) is stronger than pure copper. Jewelry could be
made out from pure gold or silver; however, pure gold and pure silver
are extremely soft and malleable. Jewelers add copper to gold and
silver so that the jewelry will retain its shape.
• In the copper-nickel (Cu-Ni) system, we intentionally introduce a solid
substitutional atom (nickel) into the original crystal structure
(copper). (Fig. given)
• The copper-nickel alloy is stronger than pure copper. Similarly, if less
than 30% Zn is added to copper, the zinc
Effect of alloy element on Cu

• .
Brass
Precipitation/Age/Dispersion Hardening
• Age hardening, or precipitation hardening, is produced by a sequence of
phase transformations that leads to a uniform dispersion of nanoscale,
coherent precipitates in a softer, more ductile matrix.
• A major advantage of precipitation hardening is that it can be used to
increase the yield strength of many metallic materials via relatively simple
heat treatments and without creating significant changes in density.
• For example, the yield strength of an aluminum alloy can be increased
from about 20,000 psi to 60,000 psi as a result of age hardening.
1. Solution Treatment. 2. Quenching 3. Aging

Al-Cu Phase diagram Al-Mg Phase Diagram

Al-8%Mg
treament
 Grain Refining - Hall-Patch Equation

where Sigmay is the yield, d is the average diameter of the grains, and Sigma0 and K
are constants for the metal
 Strain/Work Hardening
• Why does bending a copper wire make it stronger?
• What type of steel improves the crashworthiness of
cars?
• How are aluminum beverage cans made?
• Why do thermoplastics get stronger when strained?
• What is the difference between an annealed, tempered,
and laminated safety glass?
• How is it that the strength of the metallic material
around a weld can be lower than that of the surrounding
material?
Strain Hardening
 Strain or Work hardening
Strain-Hardening Exponent (n) The response of a metallic material
to cold working is given by the strain-hardening exponent, which
is the slope of the plastic portion of the true stress-true strain
curve. This relationship is governed by so-called power law
behavior according to true stress -true strain curve in Figure 8-3
when a logarithmic scale is used
Value of n and K
 Mechanism of strain Hardening

• We obtain strengthening during deformation of a metallic material

by increasing the number of dislocations. Before deformation, the
dislocation density is about 106 cm of dislocation line per cc of
metal—a relatively small concentration of dislocations.
• When we apply a stress greater than the yield strength,
dislocations begin to slip (Schmid’s Law). Eventually, a dislocation
moving on its slip plane encounters obstacles that pin the
dislocation line. As we continue to apply the stress, the dislocation
attempts to move by bowing in the center. The dislocation may
move so far that a loop is produced. When the dislocation loop
finally touches itself, a new dislocation is created. The original
dislocation is still pinned and can create additional dislocation
loops. This mechanism for generating dislocations is called a Frank-
Read source;
• .
• End