Activity 1

Choose and write the code of the correct answer that corresponds to each number. Combine the codes and determine the
thought made out of it. Punctuation mark may imaginary appear in the THOUGHT.
_____1. Deals with the structure, composition, properties, and changes that matter undergoes.
_____2. Deals with the study of the animal kingdom.
_____3. Is a systematic body of knowledge that seeks to give plausible explanations and predictions about our
universe or natural world.
_____4. Is the study of all plants
_____5. Is the study of human beings and human society including various social institution.
_____6. Deals with the systematic study of governance.
_____7. Is the study of human beings and their ancestors through time and space.
_____8. Is the gold standard used for investigating the natural world and arrive at plausible explanations to observe
natural phenomenon.
_____9. Is a generalized rule that describes a certain phenomenon of our natural world that occurs in the same way
repeatedly.
_____10. Is the study of the relationship between human mental processes and behavior.
_____11. Is the study of the past from chronological records of events.
_____12. Deals with the interaction of the various physical, biological, and cultural features of the earth’s surface.
____13. Deals with the study of matter and energy and their interaction.
____14. Is the study of knowledge and looks at the meaning of life.
____15. Is the study of celestial objects in the outer space or universe.
THOUGHT_______________________________________________________________________
Choices:
EAR – Political Science NDS – Physics
NSC – Anthropology CHN - Psychology
ILO – Chemistry UDY - Botany
OST – Science ETY - Astronomy
CETE – Scientific law ANDL – Social Science
OCI – Philosophy IEN – Scientific Method
GYA – Geography OLO - History
VET – Zoology
Ch. 1 - The Nature of Science
 Defining Science
 Problem-Solving
 Scientific Method
 Experimental Design
A. Defining Science

• Pure Science
• research that adds to the body of scientific knowledge
• has no practical use

• Applied Science (Technology)

• the practical application of scientific knowledge
 A. Defining Science

PURE APPLIED
human genetics DNA
fingerprinting
polymer science
Lycra® spandex
atomic theory
nuclear weapons
study of the
human ear hearing aids
A. Defining Science

• Life Science
• the study of living organisms

• Earth Science
• the study of Earth and space

• Physical Science
• the study of matter and energy
• chemistry & physics
 SCIENCE DEMANDS

EVIDENCE
Science Demands Evidence
Scientific knowledge involves a combination of
observations and inferences.

Scientists use data to make inferences and

formulate explanations of phenomena.

Data can be obtained through experimentation or

observation.
The myth of the scientific method
Scientists apply various methods in doing
research.

There is no universally accepted scientific method

agreed upon by the scientific community.

Science does demand that evidence be

empirically collected and analyzed.
 SCIENCE IS A BLEND OF

LOGIC AND IMAGINATION

Science is a Blend of Logic and Imagination
Scientific knowledge involves human imagination,
creativity, and inference.

Much of the scientific enterprise is governed by the

ability and creativity of scientists to visualize
different situations and predict outcomes.
SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE IS

DURABLE
Scientific Knowledge is Durable
Scientific ideas are continually tested.

Ideas that are able to withstand the scrutiny of

the scientific community form the foundations of
our current understandings of the natural world
and how it functions.
Theories and laws.
Theories and laws are two different types of
knowledge used by scientists to describe natural
phenomena. They are equal in terms of scientific
validity.

Theories are generally used to explain complex

natural processes not easily quantifiable.

Laws often use mathematical formulas to show

relationships and make predictions about the
natural world.
 SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE IS

SUBJECT TO CHANGE
Scientific Ideas are Subject to Change
The drive to elucidate the finer points of a commonly held scientific paradigm
is what “normal science” is all about.

The sensitive instruments developed to elucidate the finer points of a

paradigm help to uncover ambiguities in the expected data. These may lead
to changes in our understanding.

Although subject to gradual refinement, “the main body of scientific

knowledge is very stable and grows by being corrected slowly and having its
boundaries extended gradually.”
SCIENTISTS ATTEMPT TO AVOID

BIAS
Scientists Try to Identify and Avoid Bias

Since scientists within the same field tend to

share common methodologies and views, their
objectivity must continually be challenged to
ensure validity of results.

Within the scientific community there are ethical

practices which guarantee that scientific
endeavors are carried out under universally
accepted standards around the world.
 SCIENCE IS A COMPLEX

SOCIAL ACTIVITY
Science is a Complex Social Activity
Scientific knowledge is tied to social and cultural
factors.

Scientific research is dependent upon financial

support, and this can influence - both positively
and negatively - which areas are investigated.
The Nature of Science

The natural world is understandable

Science demands evidence
Science is a blend of logic and imagination
Scientific knowledge is durable
Scientific knowledge is subject to change
Scientists attempt to identify and avoid bias
Science is a complex social activity
C. Scientific Method

1. Determine the problem.

2. Make a hypothesis (testable prediction).
3. Test your hypothesis.
4. Analyze the results.

5. Draw conclusions.
D. Experimental Design

• Experiment - organized procedure for testing a hypothesis

• Key Components:
• Control - standard for comparison
• Single variable - keep other factors constant
• Repeated trials - for reliability
D. Experimental Design

• Types of Variables
• Independent Variable
• adjusted by the experimenter
• what you vary
• Dependent Variable
• changes in response to the indep. variable
• what you measure
 Science Has Many Branches

Science

Natural Social
Science Science

Biological Science: Physical Science: Earth Science:

The science of the The science of The science of Psychology Sociology
Living world Matter and energy Our planet

Examples: Examples: Examples:

Botany, zoology, Physics and Geology and
ecology chemistry meteorology
Branches of Science

Branch of Area of Study Physical science Matter and

Science energy
Social science Human behavior Chemistry Matter and its
changes
Natural science How the whole Physics Forces and
universe energy
behaves Geology Earth’s physical
Biology Living things nature and
history
Botany Plants Meteorology The atmosphere
and weather
Zoology Animals

Ecology Balance in
nature
What is Technology?
Technology is comprised of the products and
processes created by engineers that meet our
needs and wants.
Technology vs. Science
Technology Science
• Study of our • Study of our
human-made world natural world

• Deals with • Deals with

“what can be” “what is”
 How Does Technology Address Human Needs
and Wants?

Information Communication Bio-Related and Medical Environmental

Agriculture

Technology

Manufacturing
Transportation Energy and Nanotechnology
& Power
Construction
 Information Technology
Is the process of gathering and storing data to be used in various forms.
Provides streamlined access to vast sources of information
Allows us to produce more accurate forms of communication
Includes expanded resource choices
Enables us to retrieve data in seconds
Information Technology allows us to send signals around the world.

Examples
internet, television, satellite, GPS, cell phones
Effects of Information Technology

POSITIVE NEGATIVE
EFFECTS EFFECTS
INTERNET – INTERNET –
Information is More difficult to
stored in a way that differentiate how
can be accessed reliable source from
easily an unreliable source
Communication Technology
•Is a process of giving or exchanging information.
•Provides streamlined publishing techniques and allows us to produce more accurate
drawings
•Includes expanded entertainment choices
•Enables us to contact people thousands of miles away

Communication Technology helps with the giving or exchanging of

information.

Examples
digital cameras, magazines, DVDs, video games
Effects of Communication Technology
POSITIVE EFFECTS NEGATIVE EFFECTS
DIGITAL CAMERAS COMPUTERS,
allow you to edit and PRINTERS, & DIGITAL
print only the pictures CAMERAS make forgery
you like and plagiarism easier
 Bio-related
Technology

Biotechnology transforms living

things into products or new
forms of life.
Examples
medicine, genetic
engineering, bionics

DNA Replication image from the

Human Genome Project
•The Human Genome Project (HGP) was one of the great feats of exploration in
history. The HGP gave us the ability to, for the first time, to read nature's complete
genetic blueprint for building a human being.
•Agricultural biotechnology is a range of tools, including traditional breeding
techniques, that alter living organisms, or parts of organisms, to make or modify
products; improve plants or animals; or develop microorganisms for specific
agricultural uses.
•Modern biotechnology today includes the tools of genetic engineering.
Biotechnology provides farmers with tools that can make production cheaper and
more manageable. For example, some biotechnology crops can be engineered to
tolerate specific herbicides, which makes weed control simpler and more efficient.
Other crops have been engineered to be resistant to specific plant diseases and
insect pests, which can make pest control more reliable and effective, and/or can
decrease the use of synthetic pesticides. These crop production options can help
countries keep pace with demands for food while reducing production costs.
•Advances in biotechnology may provide consumers with foods that are nutritionally-
enriched or longer-lasting, or that contain lower levels of certain naturally occurring
toxicants present in some food plants. Developers are using biotechnology to try to
reduce saturated fats in cooking oils, reduce allergens in foods, and increase
disease-fighting nutrients in foods.
•They are also researching ways to use genetically engineered crops in the
production of new medicines, which may lead to a new plant-made pharmaceutical
industry that could reduce the costs of production using a sustainable resource.
Effects of Bio-Related Technology

POSITIVE NEGATIVE
EFFECTS EFFECTS
Medicine – HEALTH –
Improved quality Side effects include
of life nausea
shortness of breath
headaches
 Agricultural Technology
Agricultural Technology produces plants and animals
for food, fiber, and fuel.

Examples
fertilizer, irrigation, food preservation,
weed and insect control
Effects of
Agricultural Technology
POSITIVE EFFECTS NEGATIVE EFFECTS
FERTILIZERS can FERTILIZERS have found
make plants produce their way into ground water,
more food per acre polluting good drinking
water
Medical Technology

Medical Technology creates tools

to treat disease and injury.
Examples
X-rays, lasers, prostheses, ultrasound, medications
Effects of Medical Technology

POSITIVE NEGATIVE
EFFECTS EFFECTS
X-RAYS – X-RAYS –
Allow for easier Overexposure can
diagnoses of injuries. cause cancer.
Environmental Technology
Environmental Technology creates tools to minimize the effect of technology
on the development of living things.
Examples: waste management & recycling, hybrid
vehicles, conservation,
Effects of
Environmental Technology

POSITIVE EFFECTS NEGATIVE EFFECTS

WASTE MANAGEMENT & WASTE MANAGEMENT &
RECYCLING – Improves RECYCLING – Disposal
water and air quality of garbage is more
complicated and time-
consuming
Production Technology

Production Technology is the manufacturing of physical goods on an

assembly line and the construction of structures on a job site.
 Manufacturing Technology
Manufacturing Technology changes natural or
synthetic materials into usable products.
Examples: automobile factories, clothing factories, food factories
Effects of Manufacturing Technology

POSITIVE EFFECTS NEGATIVE EFFECTS

AUTOMOBILE AUTOMOBILE
FACTORIES – FACTORIES –
Creates high quality Noise and air pollution
vehicles at a lower cost
 Construction Technology
Construction Technology builds structures that
support loads and protect us from the
environment.
Examples: residential construction (homes), bridge construction, road
construction
Effects of Construction Technology

POSITIVE EFFECTS NEGATIVE EFFECTS

RESIDENTIAL RESIDENTIAL
CONSTRUCTION (HOMES) – CONSTRUCTION (HOMES) –
provides shelter Can produce noise
pollution, debris,
hazardous conditions
 Materials Technology
Materials Technology develops
materials with outstanding
combinations of mechanical,
chemical, and electrical properties.
Examples: BpA free plastic, asbestos insulation, Mosquito
repellent clothing, artificial skin grafts for burn victims,
composite decking
Effects of Materials Technology

POSITIVE EFFECTS NEGATIVE EFFECTS

BPA FREE PLASTIC NEW MATERIALS –
– free of Bisphenol A more expensive
(BpA) which has been
shown to cause nerve
damage when in contact
with drinking water
Transportation Technology
Transportation Technology Provides a way for people, animals,
products, and materials to be moved from one location to another.

Examples
Flight – airplane, rocket, space shuttle
Land – car, train, subway, automobile, bicycle
Water – oil tanker, cruise ship
Non-vehicle – conveyor belts, pipelines
Effects of
Transportation Technology

POSITIVE NEGATIVE
EFFECTS EFFECTS
CARS- CARS-
Ability to travel long Accidents, air
distances faster and pollution, and noise
easier polution
Energy and Power Technology
Energy and Power Technology develops more efficient ways to use
renewable and nonrenewable energy sources.

Examples: wind energy, hydroelectrical energy, solar

energy, tidal power, geothermal energy, nuclear
energy, oil (gasoline/diesel), coal, natural gas
Effects of
Energy and Power Technology
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
EFFECTS EFFECTS
WIND ENERGY – WIND ENERGY –
free without air noise pollution and
pollution visually unappealing
Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is manipulating materials on an atomic or molecular level.
Examples
implanted sensors, Nanobots, molecular
manufacturing
 Effects of Nanotechnology

POSITIVE EFFECTS NEGATIVE EFFECTS

IMPLANTED SENSORS IMPLANTED SENSORS
Continuously sense and Impede privacy
adjust medical treatment
 Image Resources

Microsoft, Inc. (2008). Clip Art. Retrieved September 10, 2008, from
http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/clipart/default.aspx

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (n.d.). Genesis:

Search for origins. Retrieved September 10, 2008, from
http://genesismission.jpl.nasa.gov/educate/scimodule/cosmic/ptable.html