TYPES OF QUALITATIVE

RESEARCH
1. phenomenology
2. ethnography
3. grounded theory
4. case study
5. discourse/ conversation analysis;
and
6. narrative analysis
 PHENOMENOLOGY
• emphasizes individual experiences, beliefs
and perceptions
• according to Bryman (2008, p. 697),
phenomenology is a “ philosophy that is
concerned with the question of how
individuals make sense of the world around
them and how in particular the philosopher
should bracket out preconceptions concerning
his or her grasp of that world.”
• it is a philosophy that understands “ lived
experiences” and that experience is lived
in time, space and with others and bodily
experience (Bryman 2008, p. 697)
• a study wherein human experiences are
examined through the detailed
descriptions of the people being studied-
a study of essence
 ETHNOGRAPHY

•literally means “to

write about a group
of people”
 GROUNDED THEORY
• is a type of inductive thematic analysis
• inductive thematic analysis is the
process “of reading through textual
data, identifying themes in the data,
coding those themes and then
interpreting the structure and content
of the themes”
 • is a set of of inductive data
collection and analytical methods
with the purpose of constructing
theories grounded in the data
themselves
• looks to describe the essence of an
activity or event, grounded theory
looks to provide an explanation or
theory behind the events
• use primarily interviews and existing
documents to build a theory based on
the data
 CASE STUDY
• a type of research that allows the search
and deep exploration of complex issues
• suits issues on education, sociology and
community-based problems
• allows in-depth investigation of complex
issues within a specific context, based on a
small geographical area or very limited
number of individual as the subjects of
study
• involves a deep understanding
through multiple types of data
sources
• Case studies can be
explanatory, exploratory, or
describing an event. 
 DISCOURSE AND CONVERSATION ANALYSIS
• study naturally occurring discourse and
extract shared meanings from such
discourse
• focuses on text as “object of analysis”
• the text as object of analysis of discourse
and conversation analysis is different from
the text that results from formal interviews
• instead, it examines recorded naturally
occurring language, usually of
coversations between individuals within
the study population
• look at the discourse and interaction
between two or more speakers to
understand how shared meanings are
socially constructed (Guest, Namey &
Mitchell 2003)
 DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

• a type of research that “

emphasizes the way version of the
world, of society, events and inner
psychological worlds are produced
in discourse” ( Potter, 1197: 146
cited in Bryman, 2008, p. 500)
 NARRATIVE ANALYSIS
• is an approach to the collection and
examination of data that is sensitive to the
sense of historical arrangement that
people as tellers of stories about their lives
or events around them
• gathering of important historical details of
what people perceive about their lives in
terms of continuity and process
•in a nutshell, narrative
analysis focuses on the
narratives (storytelling)
used as source of data