Lesson 8:

Emotional
Intelligence
Group 1 12 B

Personality Development
 In this lesson we will learn about
the different theories of emotions.
To understand how emotions affect
our behavior, let us look at some
theories in this lesson.
Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able
to:
1.Discuss that understanding the intensity and
differentiation of emotions may help in
communicating emotional expressions.
2.Explore one’s positive and negative emotions
and how one expresses or hides them.
3.Demonstrate and create ways to manage various
emotions.
Do you agree that we can be
happier when we are with happy
people and angrier with angry
people?

But how do we exactly

know how people feel???
Do you agree that we can be
happier when we are with happy
people and angrier with angry
people?

But how do we exactly

know how people feel???
 What is
‘Emotion?’
Emotion is a feeling that
involves thoughts, physiological
changes, and an outward
expression of behavior, such
as facial expressions.
 YOU MAKE ME FEEL THINGS
Theories of Emotions

Some of the first studies about

emotions were designed to discover
which happens first: the physiological
arousal or emotions (Cannon, 1927).

The James-Lange Theory

The Cannon-Bard Theory
The Schachter-Singer Theory
 The James-Lange Theory
• William James and Carl Lange were among those who first
studies emotions around 1884-1887
• They studies emotions individually but came up with the
same idea at the same time.
• According to them, emotion is not directly caused by the
perception of an event.
• Instead, it is caused by bodily response as an effect of an Carl Lange William James
 1842 –1910 1834-1900
event.
• This theory believes that there should be a bodily response
first before we can experience the emotion.
• Take for example a person who sees a poisonous snake.
• The initial response, according to James and Lange, is that
the heart would race and then he/she experiences fear.
Otherwise, if arousal is not experienced or noticed, then
there will not be any emotion
1. THE JAMES-LANGE THEORY

Example: If you are walking in the forest and you saw a

snake, your initial reaction is your heart rate beats faster
and then you experience fear.
 The Cannon-Bard Theory
• Walter Cannon and his graduate student, Philip Bard,
believed that the James-Lange Theory was so flawed so
they challenged it in the 1920s for the following reasons:
1. The presence of physiological arousal does not
necessarily mean that people will experience emotion. It
can be that you are running for kilometers, your heart is
racing and you are catching your breath but you do not
have an emotional reaction to it. Walter Cannon Philip Bard
1871 -1945 1898-1977
2. The physical response generally comes after the
experience of emotion. If you are trapped in the woods
and you suddenly hear a loud sound, this would
normally create an immediate response of fear and then
comes your physical reaction.
3. The same physiological arousal can cause different
emotions. If a person is mad or scared, he/she may have
a racing heart and rapid breathing activity.
The Schachter-Singer
Theory
• Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer
theorized that in order for one to experience
an emotion, he/she should have both body
responses and interpretation of the body’s
response by taking into consideration the
situation of the person is in at the same time Stanley Schachter Jerome Singer
(1960s). They said that the people’s experience 1922 –1997 1934–2010
of emotion depends on two factors:
physiological arousal and cognitive
interpretation of arousal.
 Heart X Brain
• Scachter and Singer agreed with James and Lange that people experience
emotions when there is physiological arousal. Similarly, they also agreed
with Cannon-Bard that identical physiological arousal can produce
different emotions- it is, in fact, the interpretation of the physiological
arousal that determines the emotion produced. For instance, when a
person is chased by a huge dog, the physical response will be the same as
that when that person sees his long time crush – the bodily response is
matching but the interpretation of fear or excitement is different.
SCHATCHER-SINGER THEORY
 Types of Emotions
• Paul Ekman, a psychologist and behavioral scientist,
dedicated his life to psychotherapy and helping people with
mental disorders after his mother developed a mental
illness and committed suicide. He began his research in
nonverbal communication in the 1950s then he identified
facial expressions through the moving muscles in the face.
• He then travelled down to Papua New Guinea to study a
group of people known as the Fore – these are tribes
people who never had any contact with people from the
outside world until they met Ekman. He showed them
photos of people expressing emotions and see if they
recognized the emotions. He found out that there were six
basic emotions that the Fore people recognized – anger,
disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise.
• But when a picture of someone looking despicable is
shown, the Fore people did not recognize it as fundamental
as the ones that he already identified as the most basic
emotions. It is for this reason Ekman thought that maybe,
Paul Ekman X the Fore
there are really are other emotions than the six basic ones.
Disgust anger happiness
For Ekman (1985), facial
expressions are cross-cultural.
According to him, there is a
universal set of certain facial
expressions used in both the
Western and Eastern worlds.
Sadness surprise Fear This list of universal facial
expressions, which Ekman
published in 1972, comprises
the six basic emotions- anger,
disgust, fear, happiness,
sadness and surprise.

Six Basic Emotions

 Emotion Facial Expression Interpretation Facial Muscular Movements

• The person feels anxious • Eyebrows are raised or

caused by a sense of drawn together
danger, threat or pain • Eyelids are lower
• Lips are Stretched
Fear horizontally, opening
mouth slightly

• There is unhappiness or • Eyelids are drooping

sorrow • Corners of the mouth are
lowered
• Lips are pouting
SADNESS • Eyes are dismayed

• There is severe • Eyebrows are narrowing

condemnation or extreme • Upper lip is curling
displeasure caused by an • Eyes are dismayed
offensive or repulsive
DISGUST stimulus
 Emotion Facial Expression Interpretation Facial Muscular Movements

• There is a feeling of upset • Eyebrows are raised very

or surprise caused by an high causing wrinkles to
unexpected situation appear across the
forehead
SURPRISE • Eyes are opened wide

• There is a pleasant feeling • Corners of the mouth are

and well-being pulling up – smiling
• There are large contracting
orbital muscles around the
HAPPINESS yes

• There is a sense of • Eyebrows are lowering

bitterness and resentment • Lips are tightening and
after you have been narrowing
offended • Eyes are glaring while the
ANGER lower eyelids are
tightening
• Jaws are thrusting forward
 • Psychologists have varying beliefs regarding
the classification of emotions.
• Robert Plutchik (2001) had a different theory
about what makes a fundamental emotion.
He came up with his own theory of
emotions, come up with oppositional pairs
for each and categorized them. From his list,
he had anger vs. fear, joy vs. sadness, trust
vs. disgust and surprise vs. anticipation.
These are the eight emotions Plutchik
believed to be fundamental. He organized
them into a wheel with levels of intensity.

Robert Plutchik X Emotions

• Using the wheel, Plutchik
was able to see how the
identified emotions blend
with each other to form
more complex ones. For
instance, joy blends with
trust and equals love. Love
is not a fundamental
emotion, it does not
increase our health
condition but is a
combination of our basic
emotion
• Those emotions adjacent
to each other in the wheel
are closely related and
those opposite each other
are conceptual opposites.
For instance, joy is
opposite to sadness and
fear is opposite to anger.
 Characteristics
of Emotions

Everyone experiences emotions –

they are significant factors in
motivating one’s behavior.
Depending on how one qualifies
emotional reaction, there are three
basic characteristics of emotions as

I FEEL THINGS
stated by Frando & Mores (2014):
physiological changes, observable
behaviors and subjective
experiences.
 Physiological
Changes
Our bodies react whenever we experience an intense emotion such as fear or anger.
Physically, one’s breathing changes, the heart beats faster and there is increase in blood
pressure. In addition, a person may urinate more frequently since the kidney and bladder
become more active. The salivary gland is suppressed so one’s mouth may feel dried out.

BLADDER MOUTH HEART

 Observable Behavior
Certainly, when one experiences an emotion, there are behaviors that
are noticeable such as profuse perspiration, widening of the pupils of
the eyes, or increased tone of voice

SWEAT PUPILS VOICE

 Subjective Experiences
There are many ways by which people can show their emotions. Some have the tendency
to hurt oneself or other people. Others remain silent and try to detach themselves from
the outside world. There are those who would run away on impulse because they are
scared while those who are in love prefer to be with their loved ones most of the time.

HURT SILENT SCARED

 Importance of
Emotions
• Emotions are part of one’s
daily life and they contribute
to one’s normal experiences
and in motivating one’s
behavior- survival, decision
making, boundary setting,
communication and unity

I FEEL THINGS
 SURVIVOR
Survival
• According to Goleman (1995), emotions have
always served as our internal guidance system.
Through the million years of evolution, nature
has developed our emotions. They alert us
when natural human need is not being met.
For example, when we feel sad, our need for
connection with other people is not met. When
we feel rejected, it is our need for acceptance
which needs to be meet. Our interaction with
other people to meet this natural human needs
can definitely help us survive.
 Decision Making
• Our emotions help us make decisions
because they are a valuable source of
information. There are studies that
show that when a person’s emotional
connections are disconnected in the
brain, he/she will be incapable of

THINK
making simple decisions for the simple
reasons that he/she is unaware of how
he/she will fell about his/her choices.
 Boundary Setting

WALLS
• There are times when we feel
uncomfortable with a person’s behavior.
During this instance, our emotions alert
us well. If we learn to trust our emotions SET
and feel confident about expressing
ourselves, we can actually let other
BOUNDARIES
people know about the awkward feeling
that we have as soon as we are aware of
our feelings. This way, we are able to set
our borders necessary to protect our
physical and mental health.
 Communicati
on
• Our emotions help us
communicate with others. Our
facial expressions convey a wide
range of emotions to other
people around us. If we look sad
or hurt, we are sending others an
indicator that we are in need of
their help. This way, we are

TALK
better understood and cared
about by other people.
 Unity

SOLIDIFY
• People around the globe have different
beliefs ( religious, cultural or political)
but emotions are perhaps the greatest
potential source of uniting all members
of the human race. Since emotions are
universal, people become unified. The
emotions of empathy, compassion,
cooperation, and forgiveness all have
the potential to unite us.
• “Believes divide us. Emotions unite us.”