AGENDA

1. Introduction
2. Materials
3. General Properties of Bitumen
4. Types of Bituminous Stabilization
5. Factors Affecting Bituminous Stabilization
6. Effect of Bitumen on Soil Property
7. Bituminous Material as Water Proofing Agent
8. Bituminous Material as Dust Controlling Agent
9. Case Study
10. Conclusion
11. Reference
________________________________________
What is soil stabilization?
 It is the alteration of any property of soil to improve its
engineering performance.
A technique aimed at maintaining or improving the
stability, load carrying capacity or resistance to water
absorption of soil.
Stabilization can be done for surface and deep deposits
of soil masses.
Methods used for stabilizing surface deposits :
•Mechanical stabilization without addition of any material
other than soil.
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________________________________________
Soil Stabilization(contd.)
• Stabilization with special stabilizers such as
cement,lime,bitumen and various other chemicals.
•Complex stabilization with more than one stabilizers.
•Stabilization by heating.
Deep soil deposits are stabilized by:
Electrical method
Grouting method
Heating or freezing,etc.
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INTRODUCTION
 A process by which a controlled amount of bituminous
material is thoroughly mixed with an existing soil or soil
aggregate to form a stable base or wearing surface.
 Bitumen is a complex organic material possessing adhesive
properties and substantially soluble in carbon disulphide.
 Materials which are composed primarily of bitumen are
bituminous materials.
Bituminous materials include bitumen, cutback
bitumen,bitumen emulsions and tars.
In non-cohesive soils,bitumen plays a role primarily of a
binding agent.
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In cohesive soils, its stabilization action consists mainly in
preserving the strength by reducing the water absorption or by
making the soil waterproof.

MATERIALS REQUIRED
 BITUMINIOUS MATERIALS
 Broadly classified as asphalts and tars.
Asphalts, normally too viscous to be used directly for soil
stabilization.
 They are used in the form of cut backs or emulsions which
have a fluid consistency capable of direct incorporation into
soil.
Both cut back and tars may or may not require prior heating.
MATERIALS REQUIRED…(Contd)
 SOIL
 Clays have been treated with both cutbacks and emulsions
and performed adequately.
 The main use of bituminous stabilization is for sand and
sand-gravels which lack cohesion and/or where a waterproofing
action is required.
 Any non cohesive soil, sand or sand-gravel may be treated.
 WATER
 Some water is necessary for compaction.
 Any water is acceptable but sea water should be avoided.
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MATERIALS REQUIRED…(Contd)
 OTHER ADDITIVES
 There has been an extensive but somewhat haphazard search
for additives such as coal fines, latex etc to improve the
effectiveness of stabilization without marked success.

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF BITUMEN

•Contain predominantly hydrocarbons with traces of sulphur,
oxygen,nitrogen and metals.
•Soluble in carbon disulphide.
•Colloidal in nature.
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GENERAL PROPERTIES OF BITUMEN(contd.)
•Thermoplastic.
•Insoluble in water.
•Chemically inert.
•Generally hydrophobic,but can be made hydrophilic by
addition of surface active agents.
•No specific melting point,boiling point or freezing point.
TYPES OF BITUMINOUS STABILIZATION
 SOIL-BITUMEN STABILIZATION
 Used mainly in cohesive soil.
 Done mainly for water proofing.
 Best results are obtained with soils meeting the following
requirements:
Maximum Size Less than one-third the compacted thickness of
stabilized soil layer.
Passing 4.75 mm sieve More than 50%
Passing 425 micron 35-100%
Passing 75 micron sieve 10-50%
Liquid Limit Less than 40%
Plasticity Index Less than 18

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TYPES OF BITUMINOUS STABILIZATION(contd.)
 SAND-BITUMEN STABILIZATION
 Used for non cohesive soils such as dune,pit or river sand.
 Sand particles are cemented together by means of bituminous
materials.
 More than 12% of material should not pass through 75micron
sieve.In extreme cases, may be allowed up to 25%.
Example-Arid desert region of Rajasthan.
WATERPROOF MECHANICAL STABILIZATION
Refers to a well graded dense mechanical stabilized soils.
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TYPES OF BITUMINOUS STABILIZATION(contd.)
 They are made waterproof by incorporating a small amount
of bitumen into the soil.
 about 1-3% is sufficient.
OIL-EARTH STABILIZATION
Refers to a surface which are made water and abrasion
resistant by application of road oils.
No mechanical mixing involved.
Stabilizer penetrates itself by a short distance into the soil
layer.
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FACTORS AFFECTING STABILIZATION
 Soil:
• Particle size, shape and gradation of soil influence the
properties of mix.
•Small proportion of fines in the soil preferred,but high clay
content not desirable.

Types of bituminous materials:

•Depends on soil type, climatic condition,equipments
available,temperature,etc.
•For stabilization in roads,highest grade that can be mixed with
the soil at the time of construction is preferred.
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FACTORS AFFECTING STABILIZATION(contd.)
 Amount of bitumen:
• Amount required should be optimum such that optimum
compaction and strength characteristic and adequate resistance
to water absorption is obtained.
•For maximum stability,4 to 6% is normally adequate.

Mixing:
•Improved mixing with low mixing period is preferred.
•To make mixing possible and to disperse the bitumen in fine
particles,it is necessary to first mix the soil with water before
adding the cutback.
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FACTORS AFFECTING STABILIZATION(contd.)
Compaction:
• Better the compaction, higher will be the stability of the soil.

Curing:
•By curing soil bitumen,the water and the volatiles(of the
solvent used in cutback)are allowed to evaporate.
•It allows the bitumen to be more effective to impart binding
and waterproofing actions.

Additives:
•Anti stripping and reactive chemical additives have been tried
to improve the properties of the mixes.
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 EFFECT OF BITUMEN ON SOIL PROPERTIES
The immediate effect of addition of cutback bitumen on the properties of
sandy clay soil.

 On dry density:
• Increasing amount of bitumen
Causes the max. dry density to
be progressively reduced while
a corresponding increase in fluid
content is observed.
  •Presumably due to greater viscosity
 
  of the fluid films surrounding
 
 
  the particles.
 
 

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 EFFECT OF BITUMEN (Contd.)
The immediate effect of addition of cutback bitumen on the properties of
sandy clay soil.

 On strength
• From the figure,unconfined
Compressive strength of the
specimens rises slightly until a
binder content of 4% is reached.
•In excess of 4% causes a decrease
  which may goes below than that
 
  of the untreated soil.
 
 
 
 
 

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 EFFECT OF BITUMEN (Contd.)
The immediate effect of addition of cutback bitumen on the properties of
sandy clay soil.

 On water absorption
•Fig.3 shows the amount of water
absorbed in a capillary water
absorption test on a sandy clay
Soil specimen.
•Addition of 2%bitumen causes an
  increase water absorbed after 28 days.
 
  •But quantities of 4% and over
 
 
  causes a substantial reduction in
 
  water absorbed.
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 EFFECT OF BITUMEN (Contd.)
EFFECT OF ADDITION OF STABILIZER
•Reduces the need for water to be added for compaction.
•Maximum dry density will be reduced.
•Advantageous in very dry condition.
•For any compacted density,higher the bitumen content,the less the absorption and loss
of strength on soaking compared to the untreated material.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 BITUMINOUS MATERIAL AS
WATERPROOFING AGENT
The soil-bitumen mixture does not absorb water so readily
even when relatively small quantities of bitumen are used.
The entry of further water is hindered by the resistance of
bituminous film.
Presence of some wax in the bitumen enhances the
waterproofing capability of the bitumen.

 
EFFECT OF MIXING ON ITS PERFORMANCE
 
 
  Fig.5 shows the variation of water absorption with mixing
 
  time for specimens of silty clay containing 3% of
 
  waterproofing oil.
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 EFFECT OF MIXING ON ITS PERFORMANCE(Contd.)
Excessive mixing can reduce
the waterproofing effect.
Waterproofing is due to coating of
aggregates of soil particles by fairly
thick film of bitumen.
Too much mixing is due to breaking
down of the soil aggregates into finer
particles.
Bitumen spread over a larger area
 
 
  in thinner film.
 
 
 
 
 
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 BITUMINOUS MATERIAL AS DUST
CONTROLLING AGENT
For certain areas of the world such as middle east and mid
western states of U.S.A,natural moisture content of silty and clay
soils in dry season is low enough to permit the unsurfaced soil to
carry traffic.
They dust very easily and soften during rainy season.
Can be stabilized by spraying the dry soil surface with an oil
  or
 
 
  medium curing cutback bitumen.
 
 
  Stabilizer is applied in two or three equal distributions totalling
 
about 1 gal/sq.yard so that it penetrates ½ to 1 in. into the soil.
 BITUMINOUS MATERIAL AS DUST
CONTROLLING AGENT(contd.)
If the effects of traffic and weather is severe,stabilization is
done to a greater depth.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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 CASE STUDY
The Shaybah Access Road is approximately 386 km long and runs from the
main KSA-UAE highway near Batha to the Saudi Aramco Shaybah Facilities.
It is an asphalt pavement constructed in six months from recycling an
unbound aggregate road with a mixture of foamed bitumen and cement
slurry.
The end result is a road with a smooth surface finish that can carry heavy
goods vehicles travelling in excess of 80 km/h in the middle of the Arabian
Desert.
This foamed bitumen asphalt pavement was constructed using a computer
  controlled pavement recycler.The top 200 mm of the road was milled which
 
 
was originally compacted marl surface.The recycler remixed in-situ,the
  milled material with foamed bitumen and cement slurry. Foamed bitumen is
 
  an effective binder that can be uniformly mixed with cement slurry and
 
 
granulated material to form foamed bitumen asphalt.
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 CASE STUDY(Contd.)
The re-mixed material was immediately profiled and compacted by
graders and rollers following the recycler. The finished surface looked like
a rolled dry lean concrete surface. The finish was smooth and hard and it
was possible to run vehicles on the pavement almost immediately.
The foamed bitumen asphalt was given a slurry seal finishing sealing the
surface against the harsh environment, reducing wear on the surface and
providing traction and skidding resistance.
The performance of road was monitored over 3 year period by measuring
material properties ,traffic flows,surface condition and pavement deflection
at regular intervals.
 
  The overall assessment of the road’s condition and its performance was
 
  that the foamed bitumen stabilized marl road performed well under the
 
  intense traffic and environment conditions.
 
 

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 CASE STUDY(Contd.)
SHAYBAH ACCESS ROAD

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 CONCLUSION
Bituminous stabilization has been used for many applications.
It has received its greatest use in bases for highway and air
field pavements
Stabilization with bituminous materials have been done in
conjunction with cement in places such as parking areas and
school playgrounds.
Bitumen has been used in the form of ‘foam’ and has been
 
 
successful. It is used in replacing existing deteriorating
 
 
roads,paving pipeline roads,improving the quality of marl sub
 
 
bases.etc
 
 
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 CONCLUSION (Contd.)
Bitumens are modified to enhance the effectiveness of binder.
Examples are tar-bitumen mixtures,rubberized tar and
bitumen , polymer modified bitumen.
In general,bituminous stabilization is used in many
applications with varying degree of success.

 
 
 
 
 
 
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 REFERENCES
ALAM SINGH “Soil Engineering(Theory and Practice)”
Asia Publishing House,Bombay
G.LEONARDS “Foundation Engineering”
Mc Graw-Hill Book Company, New York
KHANNA AND JUSTO “Highway Engineering”
Nemchand and bros.,Roorkee
L.R.KADYALI & N.B.LAL “Highway Engineering”
  Khanna Publishers,Delhi
 
 
 
O.G.INGLES & J.B.METCALF “Soil Stabilization(Design and practice)”
 
  Butterworths, Sydney
 
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