Hydrology and Water

Resource Management

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Hydrology
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Hydrology

• Generally known as the

study of the
hydrologic/water cycle;
Encompasses hydro
sciences

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Hydrologic Cycle

• The continuous circulation

of water between the earth
and the atmosphere

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Hydro Sciences

• Deals with the water of the earth

and how water distributes and
circulates the chemical and
biological properties in the
environment

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 Key components:
• Precipitation
• Runoff
• Surface and
Groundwater Storage
• Evaporation or
Transpiration
• Condensation
Hydrologic cycle
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Hydrosphere
• Parts of the planet where water
circulates through the paths
constituting the hydrologic
cycle;
• Atmospheric limit is at 15 km;
• underground limit is at 1 km.

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Applied Hydrology
•Applications to human welfare:
•Design & operation of
hydrologic structures
•Water supply
•Irrigation
•Drainage
•Hydropower generation
•Flood control 8
GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY

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 The study of the
characteristics,
movement, and
occurrence of water
found beneath the surface
of the Earth

GROUNDWATER
HYDROLOGY
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 • Comes from Latin word
aqua, meaning “water”, and
ferre, meaning “to bear or
carry”
• Is a water-bearing geologic
formation that can store and
yield usable amounts of
water

Aquifer
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 Consolidated rock – includes
sandstone, limestone, granite, or
other rock.
Aquifer
Classification
Unconsolidated rock – consists of
granular material such as sand and
gravel

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Aquifer types

Perched aquifer – often found in formations of

glacial outwash where clay layers form in
permeable layers above a primary aquifer
Fractured aquifer – is found in rocks, such as
granite and basalt, which contain usable amounts
of groundwater in cracks, fissures, or joints

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Aquifer types

Aquiclude – is a formation that

contains groundwater but cannot
transmit it at significant rates to supply
a well or spring

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Groundwater
Movement
Permeability – ability of porous
materials to allow fluids to move
through it
Hydraulic conductivity – actual
measurement of the rate of flow of a
fluid through porous material
Hydraulic head – driving force that
moves groundwater

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Groundwater
Movement
Transmissivity – measure of the
ability of an aquifer to transmit
groundwater
Specific yield of an unconfined
aquifer – the ratio of the water that
will drain freely from the geologic
material to the total volume of the
formation

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SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY
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 The study of moving water found in rivers, open
channels, lakes, and runoff across the open land
surface
SURFACE Important for transportation, irrigation, water
supply, hydropower, etc.
WATER Related topics:
HYDROLOG • Ground water (below the surface)
Y • Marine water (in the oceans)
• Icecaps and glaciers

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 Watersheds

• The total land area that drains to a common point.

• Also called a river basin, drainage basin, or
catchment 
• The watershed is delineated by finding the
watershed divide, or ridge, that separates the
watershed from its neighbours

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 Surface water generally flows at
right angles (perpendicular) across
contour lines 

Three
Simple Ridges are indicated by the
highest elevation contour line 

Rules
Drainages are indicated by
contour lines pointing
downstream
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 Overland Flow

Rain falls onto vegetation, and then to the ground. 

• Interception is lost in the vegetation 
• Throughfall makes it to the ground
• Stemflow runs down the vegetation 

Water reaching the ground 

• Accumulate in depressions Throughfall makes it to the ground
• Soak into the ground (infiltration)  
• Flow across the surface as overland flow

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Rivers
Components of a River:
Headwaters – the source of the river
Tributaries – smaller streams that combine at a
confluence
Upstream vs. Downstream – related to the flow
direction
Thalweg – Main part of river channel
Hyporheic Zone – Shallow ground-water flow below
the river bed

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Types of Rivers

Ephemeral – flows only during

storms
Intermittent – flows seasonally
Losing stream – loses flow to
groundwater

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Types of Rivers

Gaining stream – gains water from

the subsurface
Gradient – the slope or fall of the
river, usually decreases as the river
gets larger

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 Lakes
Any body of water (other than
an ocean) that is of reasonable
size, impounds water, and
moves very slowly

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Types of lakes

Cirques – formed in mountains

by glaciers
Pluvial – formed in deserts
Kettles – formed by buried
glacial ice that melted

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Lake productivity

Oligotrophic – very low productivity,

clear
Eutrophic – very high productivity,
green

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 • This refers to soil carried by water and then
deposited in low energy environments.
• The heavy sediments (sands) fall out along
Sediment the river banks, forming levees

Transport • Finer materials (clays and silts) fall out in

flood plains
and • Yazoo rivers parallel the main river
Deposition  • A delta forms where the sediment chokes
the main channel - often in braided rivers.

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 Rational Formula Q = ciA

-Q is the peak runoff rate, cfs

-C is the runoff coefficient. Urban areas,

C = 0.9

Water • Industrial areas, C = 0.8

Measurement • Residential areas, C = 0.6

• Forested areas, C = 0.1

• i is the rainfall intensity, in/hr

-A is the watershed area, acres

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 Discharge is the flow of water
• Measured in units of cubic feet per
minute, or cfs

River • The metric equivalent is litres per

second, or Lps
Discharge We find the discharge, Q, by taking the
product of the velocity, v, and the area, A:
• Q = VA

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 •  

• Example, if the width of the

channel is 10 ft, the depth is 1ft,
and the velocity is 2 feet per
River second, then

Discharge • A = 10 ft x 1 ft = 10
• Q = 2 ft/s x 10 ft2 = 20 cfs

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 Flood frequency
• the likelihood that a large flood will happen
100-year flood
• flood that is exceeded - on average - once every
100 years, the probability in 1 year is 1/100 = 1
Flood %
10-year flood
Events • probability = 10 %
Mean annual flood
• exceeded once every two years, probability =
50%

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Extreme Events
Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP)
• The most extreme rainfall possible
• Used for estimating the effects of extreme weather

Probable Maximum Flood (PMF)

• The most extreme flood possible
• Used for estimating maximum extent of flooding

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GIS Mapping

Geographic Information Systems (GIS):

• Used to organize spatial information
• Various properties are stored in the computer
• GIS layers include topography, soils,
hydrography, vegetation, land use, etc.

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 Historical
Perspective of
Water Use and
Development
Water is the basis of life on Earth
and the foundation of all
civilizations
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Drinking Water for
Early Civilizations

• Stone age – people lived in caves and

other camps that were close to sources of
drinking water, such as springs and lakes

• Early Somalians of Eastern Africa – dug

groundwater wells by hand, at regular
spaced interval along their desert routes

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 Groundwater wells in the desert
provided a reliable source of
drinking water for their own use
and later, served as the
foundation for the development
of communities
Qanats – underground water
delivery systems, from a Semitic
word meaning “to dig“
development of small desert
Drinking Water for Early communities
Civilizations
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 A qanat consists of a mother
well connected to long,
underground delivery tunnels
that stretch to nearby
communities

Karez – a groundwater system

with a mother well and sloped
delivery tunnel in Afghanistan,
Pakistan and western China

Drinking Water for Early

Civilizations
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 Falaj
“unfailing springs” in Oman

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 Foggaras
A qanat system used in Morocco
and Cyprus

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 Aqueduct
An elevated water delivery
system made of stone

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 Early Irrigation and
Flood Control Projects
in Egypt
King Scorpion (3200 B.C.) called the initial cutting
of ground for a new canal the “Day of Breaking the
River”
The development of each new irrigation canal
signified the growing power and wealth of the
Egyptian civilization through increased food
production, the payment of additional taxes to the
king or queen of Egypt, and a general improvement
in economic prosperity
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Early Irrigation and
Flood Control Projects in
China

• Huang He River also called the

Yellow River was the cradle of
Chinese civilization
• Levees were constructed over 2500
years ago along smaller branches of
the Huang He River to control floods

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Early Irrigation and
Flood Control Projects in
China

Yu the Great – first manager of Chinese waters and

later became the emperor of China

• Around 2280 B.C., Emperor Yao asked Yu to

construct dams, dikes, and other waterworks along
the Huang He River to protect and enhance life for
citizens.

• Around 560 B.C., the Cheng State Irrigation Canal

was completed for use in the north central region of
modern Henan

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Early Irrigation and Flood
Control Projects in Middle East
Ancient Sumerian culture had
two very unpredictable rivers: the
Tigris and Euphrates
Numerous irrigation projects
were constructed and the science
of flood protection was well
developed by Sumerian rulers
Around 500 B.C., rainfall
harvesting was developed in the
Middle East to channel surface
water runoff for irrigation of
crops
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Early Irrigation and Flood
Control Projects in India,
Spain, Portugal

• A water-harvesting system – similar to the

methods used today in Israel in the Thar
Desert of western India

• Stone walls, cisterns, dams, water holes and

tanks capturd enough storm water to allow
thousands of people to live in the desert
environment

• Acequias, or irrigation ditches, acenas

(water mills) and charcas (reservoirs) were
developed.

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 Early Irrigation and
Flood Control Projects
in South America

Stone-walled terraces have been

found that were drained with
elaborate ditch systems on steep
hillsides of the Andes Mountains

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 Large-scale irrigation began in the
present United States with the efforts of
the Hohokam Indians in approximately
800 A.D.

Around 950 A.D., Anasazi Indians

developed community irrigation
projects in the desert lands of
Southwest Colorado
Early Irrigation and Flood
Control Projects in North
America
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Water Supply System

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WATER USES:  DOMESTIC (RESIDENTIAL/AGRICULTURAL)  COMMERCIAL  INDUSTRIAL

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Water Supply System

DOMESTIC
(RESIDENTIAL/AGRICULTUR COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL
AL)
Relating to the running of Engaged in commerce Factory production
a home or to family intended to make profit
relations

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Functional Element Principal Concerns in facilities
design (Primary/ Secondary)
Source(s) of Supply Quantity/ Quality
Description
Surface water sources of supply such
as rivers, lakes and reservoirs, or
groundwater sources

Storage Quantity/ Quality Facilities used for the storage of

surface water, usually located at or
near the source of supply

Transmission Quantity/ Quality Facilities used to transport water

from storage to treatment facilities

Treatment Quantity/ Quality Facilities used to improve or alter the

quality of water

Transmission and storage Quantity/ Quality Facilities used to transport treated

water to intermediate storage
facilities and to one or more points
for distribution

Distribution Quantity/ Quality Facilities used to distribute water to

the individual users connected to the
system

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PIPES/PRESSURE CONDUITS
Energy Equation

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Other working formulas:
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Other working formulas:
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Problems: Pipes in
Parallel and Series

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The difference in liquid

surface level in this two
reservoir is equal to sum of
Pipes in the head losses in all the
Series section.

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When a main pipe line divides into

two or more parallel pipes which
again join together downstream side
and continue as a main line, the
Pipes in pipes are described to be parallel.

Parallel

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 •Having given the discharge, and the diameters and lengths
of all pipes; to determine the total lost head.

•Having given the discharge, the total lost head, the length
Types of of all pipes, and diameters of three pipes, to determine the
other diameter.
Problems
•Having given the lengths and diameters of all pipes and
the total lost head; to determine the Q.

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 Determine the discharge of
Sample water through a 0.4m diameter
cast iron pipe if the loss of
Problem 1 head in a 2000 m length is
120m. (Assume f=0.02)

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 Solution 1

Given:

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 •A pipe line consists of
successive lengths of 380-mm,
Sample 300-mm, and 250-mm pipe.
With a continuous flow
Problem 2 through the line of 250 Lit/sec
of water, compute the mean
velocity in each size of pipe.

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 Solution 2
 

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Quiz
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Quiz

1. What is the continuous circulation of water between the earth and the
atmosphere?
2. It is a water-bearing geologic formation that can store and yield usable
amounts of water.
3. Give 3 types of Rivers.
4. Determine the discharge of water through a 500mm diameter cast iron pipe.
If the loss of head in a 4km length is 200m. (Assume f=0.02) (5pts)

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Answers
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Answers

1. Hydrologic Cycle 4.
2. Aquifer
3. (Any 3)
• Ephemeral
• Intermittent
• Losing Stream
• Gaining Stream
• Gradient

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Quote and Image Slide

“ Gg Ez

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THANK YOU Insert Image

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