ENVIRONMENTAL

MANAGEMENT
PREPARED BY:
KARLA CHARMAGNE B. SALIVA, ECE, ECT
 WHAT IS
ENVIRONMENT?
WHAT IS ENVIRONMENT?
• the surroundings or
conditions in which a person,
animal, or plant lives or
operates
• the sum total of all
surroundings of a living
organism, including natural
forces & other living things
which provide conditions
 WHAT IS
MANAGEMENT?
 WHAT IS MANAGEMENT?
• the process of dealing with
or controlling things or
people
• the organization and
coordination of the activities
of a business in order to
achieve defined objectives.
WHAT IS
ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT?
 WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT?
• It is a process that industries, companies, and
individuals undertake to regulate and protect the
health of the natural world.
• It is defined as a system that incorporates processes
for summarizing, monitoring, reporting, developing
and executing the environmental policies.
• It is an interdisciplinary field that interacts with
business, science and law.
 WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT?
• Environmental management is the process of
allocating natural and man-made resources so as to
make optimum use of the environment in satisfying
not only the existing basic human needs but of the
coming generations also.
• Environmental management implies not only a mere
management of environment but it is essentially the
management of various activities with intolerable
 WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT?
• It involves environmental planning, conservation of
resources, environmental status evaluation and
environmental legislation and administration.
• The focus of environmental management is on
implementation, monitoring and auditing; on practice
and coping with real-world issues rather than
theoretical planning. Thus, it is a field of study
dedicated to understand human-environment
SIGNIFICANCE OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT?
 SIGNIFICANCE OF EM
Environmental Management is an approach which
integrates Ecology, Policy making, Planning and Social
development. Its main objectives are as follows:
• To prevent and solve environmental problems.
• To establish limits.
• To develop research institutions and monitoring
systems.
• To warn threats and identify opportunities.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF EM
Environmental Management is an approach which
integrates Ecology, Policy making, Planning and Social
development. Its main objectives are as follows:
• To develop a strategy for the improvement of quality.
• To suggest long-term and short-term policies for
sustainable development.
• To identify new technology for future development
ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES IN THE
PHILIPPINES
 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
The Philippines' evident risk to natural disasters is due to
its location. Being a country that lies in the Pacific Ring of
Fire, it is prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. In
addition, the country is surrounded by large bodies of
water and facing the Pacific Ocean where 60% of the
world's typhoons are made. One of the most devastating
typhoons that hit the Philippines in 2013 was Typhoon
Haiyan, or "Yolanda," that killed over 10,000 people and
destroyed over a trillion pesos worth of properties and
 Water and Air
Pollution
Illegal Mining and
Logging
Deforestation
SOME
Dynamite Fishing
ENVIRONMENTAL
Landslides
ISSUES Wildlife Extinction
IN THE Global Warming
PHILIPPINES Climate Change
WATER POLLUTION
 WATER POLLUTION
• Neglecting to have a coherent environmental policy
led to the contamination of 58% of the groundwater
in the Philippines.
• The main source of pollution is untreated domestic
and industrial wastewater.
• It also leads to problems in the fishing and tourism
industries.
• Only 5% of the total population is connected to a
sewer network. The vast majority uses flush toilets
 WATER POLLUTION
• According to the Asian Development Bank, the
Pasig River is one of the world's most polluted
rivers.
• In March 2008, Manila Water announced that a
wastewater treatment plant will be constructed in
Taguig. The first Philippine constructed wetland
serving about 700 households was completed in
2006 in a peri-urban area of Bayawan City which
has been used to resettle families that lived along the
 AIR
POLLUTION
 AIR POLLUTION
Due to industrial waste and automobiles, Manila
suffers from air pollution, affecting 98% of the
population. Annually, the air pollution causes more
than 4,000 deaths. Ermita is Manila's most air polluted
district due to open dump sites and industrial waste.
ILLEGAL MINING AND
LOGGING
 ILLEGAL MINING AND LOGGING
According to Filipino officials, rampant illegal logging
and mining were likely a part of the cause for the high
casualty count from Category 5 Typhoon Bopha
(Pablo), especially in the Compostela Valley where
government officials had warned people to stop the
illegal activities. So far, 370 people have been found
dead on the island of Mindanao with another 400
missing. Waters rose so high even emergency shelters
 ILLEGAL MINING AND LOGGING
• Illegal logging and mining has stripped many hillsides
bare in Mindanao, which has forest cover of only 10
percent.
• Unfortunately these tragic environmental disasters are
becoming a recurring theme in the Philippines, less
than a year Typhoon Sendong killed over 1,200
people on the same island. The extensive destruction
wrought by this storm—which impacted over 300,000
 ILLEGAL MINING AND LOGGING
• Logging has banned throughout the Philippines since
February of 2011 in order to avert disasters such as
this, but illegal logging remains a rampant problem.
Yet, while illegal logging and mining certainly
worsened the death toll of Typhoon Bopha, there may
another component to the storm’s wrath: climate
change.
DEFORESTATION
 DEFORESTATION
Over the course of the 20th century the forest cover of
the Philippines dropped from 70 percent down to 20
percent. In total, 46 species are endangered, and 4 were
already eradicated completely. 3.2 percent of total
rainforest has been left. Based on an analysis of land
use pattern maps and a road map an estimated 9.8
million acres of forests were lost in the Philippines
from 1934 to 1988. Illegal logging occurs in the
Philippines and intensify flood damage in some areas.
 DEFORESTATION
• The government regularly granted logging
concessions of less than ten years.
Logging concessions are arrangements where the
government or forest department of a country grants
harvesting or management rights of publicly owned forests
for a contract period (ranging from 2 to 20 years or more), to
the highest bidder (generally logging companies).
• Since it takes 30–35 years for a second-growth
forest to mature, loggers had no incentive to replant.
 DEFORESTATION
• Compounding the error, flat royalties encouraged
the loggers to remove only the most valuable
species. A horrendous 40 percent of the harvestable
lumber never left the forests but, having been
damaged in the logging, rotted or was burned in
place. The unsurprising result of these and related
policies is that out of 17 million hectares of closed
forests that flourished early in the century only 1.2
million remain today.
DYNAMITE FISHING
 DYNAMITE FISHING
Dynamite Fishing and cyanide fishing are the worst
that can happen to corals and other animals around our
islands. Even 15 years after stopping this awful
practice, nature did not yet recover.

Here in the Philippines, dynamite fishing and cyanide

fishing have not yet completely vanished. There are
still spots where neither DENR nor PNP nor Coast
Guard can control. These are extremely remote islands
 DYNAMITE FISHING
Cyanide Fishing is a method of collecting live fish
mainly for use in aquariums, which involves spraying a
sodium cyanide mixture into the desired fish’s habitat
in order to stun the fish.
Dynamite Fishing or Blast Fishing is the practice of
using explosives to stun or kill schools of fish for easy
collection. This illegal practice is extremely destructive
to the surrounding ecosystem, as the explosion destroys
LANDSLIDES
LANDSLIDES
 LANDSLIDES
A landslide is the mass movement of rock, soil, and
debris down a slope due to gravity. It occurs when the
driving force is greater than the resisting force. It is a
natural process that occurs in steep slopes. The
movement may range from very slow to rapid. It can
affect areas both near and far from the source.

Landslide materials may include Soil, Debris, Rock

and/or Garbage
 LANDSLIDES
LANDSLIDE TRIGGERS
• Natural triggers
• Intense rainfall
• Weathering of rocks
• Ground vibrations created during earthquakes
• Volcanic activity
• Man-made triggers
 LANDSLIDES
LANDSLIDE TRIGGERING CONDITIONS
• Steep Slopes
• Weakening of slope material
• Weathering of rocks
• Overloading on the slope

Movement can occur in many ways. It can be a fall,

topple, slide, spread, or flow.
 LANDSLIDES
DEADLY LANDSLIDES IN THE
PHILIPPINES
1999 Cherry Hills landslide
On August 3, 1999, heavy rain induced by Typhoon
Ising (Olga) spelled disaster for residents of Cherry
Hills Subdivision in Antipolo City, when the ground
beneath them broke apart and slid down the mountain.
Houses went down along with the landslide, while
 LANDSLIDES
DEADLY LANDSLIDES IN THE
PHILIPPINES
2003 Panaon Island (Southern Leyte) debris flow
A low pressure area brought nonstop rain to Panaon
Island at the tip of Southern Leyte on December 19,
2003. That evening, loose soil, boulders, and debris
rolled down towards houses in Barangay Pinut-an in
San Ricardo town, and in Sitio Lutao (Barangay
 LANDSLIDES
DEADLY LANDSLIDES IN THE
PHILIPPINES
2006 Guinsaugon landslide
Over 1,200 people died on February 11, 2006, when an
earthquake triggered an avalanche of mud and boulders
down a mountain slope towards Guinsaugon village in
Saint Bernard, Southern Leyte.
The landslide caught residents by surprise that day, but
 LANDSLIDES
DEADLY LANDSLIDES IN THE
PHILIPPINES
2006 Mayon Volcano lahar
Typhoon Reming (Durian) drenched the Bicol Region
on November 30, 2006, after the storm made landfall
there. The rains triggered the movement of volcanic
ash on the slopes of the Mayon Volcano. The resulting
mudslide or lahar rushed down the villages located on
 LANDSLIDES
DEADLY LANDSLIDES IN THE
PHILIPPINES
2009 Cordillera landslides
Days after Tropical Storm Ondoy (Ketsana) left the
country, Typhoon Pepeng (Parma) battered the
mountainous Cordillera region with intense rain,
causing multiple landslides in the region in early
October 2009. At least 120 people died in Benguet
 LANDSLIDES
DEADLY LANDSLIDES IN THE
PHILIPPINES
2012 Pantukan landslide
Five days into the new year of 2012, tragedy struck a
small-scale mining site in Pantukan, Compostela
Valley, where some miners have settled to pan for gold.
A landslide in the wee hours of the morning, caused by
heavy rain and a mild earthquake near the province,
 LANDSLIDES
DEADLY LANDSLIDES IN THE
PHILIPPINES
2012 New Bataan (Compostela Valley) debris flow
Rains brought by Typhoon Pablo (Bopha) caused a
massive debris flow in Barangay Andap in New
Bataan, Compostela Valley on December 4, 2012. The
flow of mud, boulders, and gravel rushed towards
Barangay Andap, which was on the mouth of a steep
 LANDSLIDES
DEADLY LANDSLIDES IN THE
PHILIPPINES
2014 Catbalogan landslide
Around 19 people died on December 30, 2014, in
Catbalogan City, Samar, after Tropical Storm Seniang
(Jangmi) caused landslides in some areas, most notably
in Barangay Mercedes. Seniang also caused landslides
in two towns in neighboring Leyte province, killing at
 LANDSLIDES
DEADLY LANDSLIDES IN THE
PHILIPPINES
2017 Biliran landslides
On December 16, 2017, 4 towns in Biliran province
were affected not only by rains brought by Tropical
Storm Urduja (Kai-tak) but also by landslides. At least
42 people died in Naval, Caibiran, Biliran, and
Almeria, while 14 others were missing.
 LANDSLIDES
DEADLY LANDSLIDES IN THE
PHILIPPINES
2018 Itogon, Benguet landslides
Typhoon Ompong (Mangkhut), so far the strongest
tropical cyclone in 2018, brought heavy rains and
strong winds in northern Luzon. Most of the fatalities
were recorded in landslides that occurred at a mining
town in Itogon, Benguet on September 15, 2018. As of
 LANDSLIDES
DEADLY LANDSLIDES IN THE
PHILIPPINES
2018 Naga, Cebu landslide
Days of heavy monsoon rains caused a landslide in
Naga City, Cebu on September 20, 2018, affecting at
least two barangays. Limestone and soil on the
mountainside softened due to the rain, and it collapsed
on a number of homes that early morning, when many
WILDLIFE EXTINCTION
 WILDLIFE EXTINCTION
The Philippines is considered a mega-diversity country.
It is the second largest archipelago in the world, made
up of 7,107 islands. Many of these islands are believed
to have a very high level of plant and animal
endemism. The country is host to over 52,000
described species and more than half of them are
unique to the Philippines. Human activities such as
mining, logging, increasing urbanization and
development and agricultural practices, is responsible
 WILDLIFE EXTINCTION
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ANIMALS
BIRDS
• Philippine Eagle
• Negros Bleeding-Heart
• Visayan Wrinkled Hornbill
• Cebu Flowerpecker
WILDLIFE EXTINCTION
PHILIPPINE EAGLE
The Philippine Eagle also
known as the monkey-
eating eagle, is the
country’s national bird.
Breeding in lowland rain
forests, its total population
is now estimated at less
 WILDLIFE EXTINCTION
NEGROS BLEEDING-
HEART
Commonly sighted in the 19th
century, the Negros Bleeding-
Heart is one of the rarest and
most endangered birds in the
world. The destruction of
primary forests in Negros and
Panay provinces for the
WILDLIFE EXTINCTION
VISAYAN WRINKLED
HORNBILL
The Visayan Wrinkled Hornbill,
also known as the Rufous-headed
Hornbill, was originally found in
the islands of Negros, Panay and
Guimaras. Due to severe
deforestation, hunting and
 WILDLIFE EXTINCTION
CEBU FLOWERPECKER
This type of bird was believed to be
extinct due to habitat clearance but
there were reported sightings in
1992. This is so rare that it has only
been found in two areas in Cebu. Due
to illegal settlement, logging, road
construction, developing and other
human activities, the remaining
 WILDLIFE EXTINCTION
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ANIMALS
MAMMALS
• Tamaraw
• Palawan Bearded Pigs
WILDLIFE EXTINCTION
TAMARAW
The critically endangered
Tamaraw, also known as the
Mindoro dwarf water buffalo, is
considered the most threatened
mammal in the Philippines. It
was believed to be extinct as its
last recorded sighting was in
1992 at Mt. Calavite Wildlife
 WILDLIFE EXTINCTION
PALAWAN BEARDED PIGS
The Palawan bearded pig or known in
the region as as the “baboy damo” is still
commonly sighted in a few areas of
Palawan island but it has been classified
as near threatened as its population is
declining because of hunting and habitat
loss due to agriculture, logging and urban
development.
 WILDLIFE EXTINCTION
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ANIMALS
REPTILES
• Freshwater Crocodile
WILDLIFE EXTINCTION
FRESHWATER
CROCODILE
According to the International
Union for Conservation of
Nature (IUCN) Red List of
Threatened Species, the
freshwater crocodile also
known as the ‘ Mindoro
 WILDLIFE EXTINCTION
FRESHWATER CROCODILE
There are two types of crocodiles in the Philippines – the
saltwater crocodile and the freshwater crocodile. The
government promotes crocodile farming to promote
sustainable operation of saltwater crocodiles through
captive breeding. Only the captive-bred crocodiles are
allowed for farming. Trading of freshwater crocodiles is
prohibited by law as it’s estimated that just 250 are
remain in the wild.
 WILDLIFE EXTINCTION
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ANIMALS
FISH
• Sardinella Tawilis
WILDLIFE EXTINCTION
SARDINELLA TAWILIS
It is the most dominant fish
species in Taal Lake but due
to overfishing, illegal fishing
and the deterioration of water
quality due to pollution, the
Sardinella Tawilis, the only
freshwater sardine in the
world, has seen a decline in its
GLOBAL WARMING
 GLOBAL WARMING
Global warming is the long-term heating of Earth’s
climate system observed since the pre-industrial period
(between 1850 and 1900) due to human activities,
primarily fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-
trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth’s atmosphere.
The term is frequently used interchangeably with the
term climate change, though the latter refers to both
human- and naturally produced warming and the
effects it has on our planet. It is most commonly
 GLOBAL WARMING
Since the pre-industrial period, human activities are
estimated to have increased Earth’s global average
temperature by about 1 degree Celsius (1.8 degrees
Fahrenheit), a number that is currently increasing by
0.2 degrees Celsius (0.36 degrees Fahrenheit) per
decade. Most of the current warming trend is extremely
likely (greater than 95 percent probability) the result of
human activity since the 1950s and is proceeding at an
unprecedented rate over decades to millennia.
CLIMATE CHANGE
 CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change is a long-term change in the average
weather patterns that have come to define Earth’s local,
regional and global climates. These changes have a
broad range of observed effects that are synonymous
with the term.
Changes observed in Earth’s climate since the early
20th century are primarily driven by human activities,
particularly fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-
trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth’s atmosphere,
 CLIMATE CHANGE
These human-produced temperature increases are
commonly referred to as global warming. Natural
processes can also contribute to climate change,
including internal variability (e.g., cyclical ocean
patterns like El Niño, La Niña and the Pacific Decadal
Oscillation) and external forcings (e.g., volcanic
activity, changes in the Sun’s energy output, variations
in Earth’s orbit).
QUESTIONS?
NATURE IS NOT A PLACE TO VISIT. IT
IS A HOME.
-GARY SNYDER
THANK YOU!