Climate Change

GROUP 6
RAJNISH
SAGAR
KISHORE
SANSKRATI
SAVAN
SHUBHAM
 What is Climate?
• The ‘average weather’, or…the mean and variability of [temperature,
precipitation, and wind] over a period of time ranging from months to
thousands or millions of years.
• Climate is the long-term weather pattern in an area, typically averaged
over 30 years.

CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change refers to long-term shifts in
temperatures and weather patterns.

SANSKRATI
 Main Cause of Climate Change
 Deforestation.
 Increase in Vehicles.
 Emission of CO2.
 Chemical Fertilizers.
 Industries.
 Forest Fire.
 Ocean Currents.
 Volcanic Eruptions.
 Methane Emissions from Animals.
 Meteorites.
o Deforestation

• Forests and trees store carbon. Due to deforestation, this stored

carbon has the potential to be released back into the atmosphere
as carbon dioxide and contribute to climate change.

o Increase in vehicle
• Vehicles introduce toxic materials into the
atmosphere that have several bad effects on human
health and the ecosystem. Examples of such
pollutants include Carbon monoxide, Hydrogen,
Nitrogen Oxide, particulate matter, Ammonia and
Sulphur Dioxide.
Emission of CO2
It effects the amount of greenhouse gases, which are linked to climate
change and global warming.

Chemical Fertiliser
Much of the applied fertilizer runs off into waterways, or gets broken
down by microbes in the soil, releasing the potent greenhouse gas nitrous
oxide into the atmosphere.

Industries
Manufacturing and industry produce emissions, mostly from burning
fossil fuels to produce energy for making things like cement, iron, steel,
electronics, plastics, clothes, and other goods. Mining and other industrial
processes also release gases, as does the construction industry.
Forest fire
Wildfires release carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere,
exacerbating global warming, and in severe cases, irreparably damaging forests
ecosystems.
•Intense Droughts
•Water Scarcity
•Severe Fires
•Rising Sea Levels
•Flooding
•Melting Polar Ice
•Catastrophic Storms
•Declining Biodiversity
Effects of Climate Change
o INTENSE DROUGHTS
Warmer temperatures enhance evaporation, which reduces surface water and dries out
soils and vegetation. This makes periods with low precipitation drier than they would
be in cooler conditions.

o RISING SEA LEVELS

Global warming is causing global mean sea level to rise in two ways. First, glaciers
and ice sheets worldwide are melting and adding water to the ocean. Second, the
volume of the ocean is expanding as the water warms.
o Melting Permafrost: Permafrost is
frozen soil that has environmental gases
trapped in it for several years and is present
below Earth’s surface. As the permafrost
melts, it releases the gases back into the
atmosphere, increasing Earth’s temperature.

o Forest Blazes: Forest blazes emit a large

amount of carbon-containing smoke. These
gases are released into the atmosphere and
increase the earth’s temperature.
o STORMS
As more water vapor is evaporated into the atmosphere it becomes fuel for more powerful
storms to develop. More heat in the atmosphere and warmer ocean surface temperatures can
lead to increased wind speeds in tropical storms.

o DECLINING BIODIVERSITY
Climate change is playing an increasingly important role in the decline of biodiversity.
Climate change has altered marine, terrestrial, and freshwater ecosystems around the world.
It has caused the loss of local species, increased diseases, and driven mass mortality of
plants and animals, resulting in the first climate-driven extinctions.
 SAVAN
IMPACT ON HUMANS
The WHO has classified climate change as the greatest threat to global health in the 21st
century. Extreme weather leads to injury and loss of life, and crop failures to
undernutrition. Various infectious diseases are more easily transmitted in a warmer
climate, such as dengue fever and malaria. Young children are the most vulnerable to food
shortages. Both children and older people are vulnerable to extreme heat.
Climate change is affecting food security, It has caused reduction in global yields of
maize, wheat, and soybeans. Future warming could further reduce global yields of major
crops
GLOBAL WARMING
Global warming is a gradual increase in the earth’s temperature
generally due to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of
carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other pollutants. 
Green House Effect
Natural causes of global warming
• Volcanoes: Volcanoes are one of the largest natural contributors to global
warming. The ash and smoke emitted during volcanic eruptions goes out into
the atmosphere and affects the climate.
• Water Vapour: Water vapour is a kind of greenhouse gas. Due to the
increase in the earth’s temperature, more water gets evaporated from the
water bodies and stays in the atmosphere adding to global warming.
 SOLUTIONS
Invest in renewable energy: Changing our main energy sources to clean and
renewable energy is the best way to stop using fossil fuels. These include technologies like
solar, wind, wave, tidal and geothermal power.

Switch to sustainable transport. Petrol and diesel vehicles, planes and ships

use fossil fuels. Reducing car use, switching to electric vehicles and minimizing
plane travel will not only help stop climate change, it will reduce air pollution too.

Restore nature to absorb more carbon. The natural world is very good

at cleaning up our emissions, but we need to look after it. Planting trees in the
right places or giving land back to nature through ‘rewilding’ schemes is a good
place to start. This is because photosynthesizing plants draw down carbon
dioxide as they grow, locking it away in soils.

BY SAGAR
Protect the oceans. Oceans also absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere,
which helps to keep our climate stable. But many are overfished, used for oil and gas drilling or
threatened by deep sea mining. Protecting oceans and the life in them is ultimately a way to protect
ourselves from climate change.

Reduce plastic. Plastic is made from oil, and the process of extracting, refining and
turning oil into plastic is surprisingly carbon-intense. It doesn’t break down quickly in nature
so a lot of plastic is burned, which contributes to emissions. 

Reduce how much people consume. Our transport, fashion, food and other lifestyle
choices all have different impacts on the climate. This is often by design – fashion and
technology companies, for example, will release far more products than are realistically
needed. 
 WATER
POLLUTION
ACT
• Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 is a
comprehensive legislation that regulates agencies responsible
for checking on water pollution and ambit of pollution control
boards both at the Centre and states.

• The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 was

adopted by the Indian parliament with the aim of prevention
and control of Water Pollution in India
 FUNCTIONS
 The government formulated this Act to
prevent the pollution of water by industrial,
agricultural and household wastewater.

 The main objective was to advise the State

Govt. on any matter concerning the
prevention, control of water pollution.

 To collect and disseminate information relating to water pollution and the

prevention and control there off.

 To encourage, conduct and participate in investigations and research relating to

problems of water pollution and prevention of water pollution.
 WILDLIFE
SANCTUAR
Y

SAMBHANGI
KISHORE
 Introduction
A Wildlife Sanctuary is a protected area of importance for flora, fauna, or
features of geological or other interest, which is reserved and managed for 
conservation and to provide opportunities for study or research. The 
Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 provides for the establishment of Protected
Areas in India.

2 0 XX S A M P L E T E X T 24
 Difference between wildlife sanctuary and national parks
WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
• Human activities are allowed.
• The main aim is to protect a
particular flora or fauna.
• There are no fixed boundaries.
• It is open to the general public
• A sanctuary can be upgraded to a
national park
2 0 XX
N AT I O N A L PA R K
• No human activities are allowed.
• Can include flora, fauna or any other
objects of historical/geographic
significance.
• Boundaries are fixed and defined.
• Not usually open to the public.
• A national park cannot be downgraded
to a sanctuary.
S A M P L E T E X T 25
PERIYAR WILDLIFE
KERLA
SANTUARY
• Periyar National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary (PNP) is a protected area located in the
districts of Idukki and Pathanamthitta in Kerala India. It is notable as an elephant
reserve and a tiger reserve. The protected area encompasses 925 km 2  (357 sq mi), of
which 305 km 2  (118 sq mi) of the core zone was declared as the Periyar National Park in
1982. The park is a repository of rare, endemic, and endangered flora and fauna and
forms the major watershed of two important rivers of Kerala: the Periyar and the Pamba.
• The park is located high in the Cardamom Hills and Pandalam Hills of the south Western
Ghats along the border with Tamil Nadu. It is 4 km (2.5 mi) from Kumily, approximately
100 km (62 mi) east of Kottayam, 110 km (68 mi) west of Madurai and 120 km (75 mi)
southeast of Kochi.

2 0 XX S A M P L E T E X T 27
 P E R I YA R L A K E

2 0 XX 28
 Thank you

SHAMBHAGI
KISHORE

2 0 XX S A M P L E T E X T 29
Narmada Bachao Andolan
Save The Narmada Movement

SHUBHAM SHEKHAWAT
 Introduction
 Narmada Bachao Andolan –NBA is an Indian social movement led by native tribes,
farmers, environmentalists and human rights activists against the construction of a number of
large dams under the Narmada Dam Project across river Narmada.  
 The river Narmada flows through the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.
 Sardar Sarovar Dam in Gujarat is one of the biggest dams on the Narmada river and was
one of the first focal points of the Save the Narmada Movement. SSD is a part of the
Narmada Dam Project that aims to provide irrigation and electricity to people of the above
states.
 About Narmada River
•The river Narmada is the largest west-flowing river in the Indian
peninsula, that arises on the plateau of Amarkantak in the Shahdol
district of Madhya Pradesh.
•It covers the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and parts
of Rajasthan. Its course is 1312 km to the Arabian Sea through lush
forests, hills, agricultural regions and rocky gorges. 
•It has around 41 tributaries, surrounded by 3 mountain ranges of
Satpura, Vindhya and Maikal, and on the fourth side merges into the
Arabian Sea. 
•On its basin, the villages constitute 81% and comprise mainly tribal
populations consisting of Bhils, Gonds, Baigas and others whose
primary occupation is agriculture. 
•The Narmada basin is rich in its natural resources .
Narmada Bachao Andolan – How did it start ?

 Narmada Bachao Andolan is the most powerful mass movement, started in 1985,
against the construction of a huge dam on the Narmada river. As per the Narmada
Dam Project, the plan was to build over 3000 big and small dams along the
river. 
 The proposed Sardar Sarovar Dam and Narmada Sagar were to displace more
than 250,000 people. The big fight of the Save the Narmada Movement was
over the resettlement or the rehabilitation of these people.
 Narmada Bachao Andolan –Key Points
 After the independence, India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, called for the
construction of dams on Narmada river to arrest excess water flowing into Arabian sea passing
through Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat to aid local people and development of the nation.
 Two of the largest proposed dams were Sardar Sarovar and Narmada Sagar.
 The Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal approved the Narmada Valley Development Project,
which included 30 large dams, 135 medium dams, and 3,000 small dams including raising
the height of Sardar Sarovar dam.
 In 1985, after hearing about the construction of Narmada Dam Project, Medha Patkar and her
colleagues visited the project site and noticed that project work was being checked due to an
order by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India.
 Narmada Bachao Andolan –Key Points
 In 1987, construction began on the Sardar Sarovar Dam and the people who were going to be
affected by the construction of the dam were given no information but the offer for
rehabilitation. 
 In May 1990, Narmada Bachao Andolan organized a 2,000-person, five-day sit-in at PM V.
P. Singh’s residence in New Delhi, which convinced the Prime Minister to ‘reconsider’ the
project.
 In December 1990, approximately 6000 men and women began the Narmada Jan Vikas
Sangharsh Yatra (Narmada People’s Progress Struggle March), marching over 100
kilometres.
 In January 1991, Baba Amte and the seven-member team began an indefinite hunger strike
(continued for 22 days) and committed to a sit-in unto death.
Narmada Bachao Andolan –Key Points

 The Sardar Sarovar Dam’s construction began again in 1999 and was
declared finished in 2006. The height of the project was increased from 138
meters to 163 meters. It was inaugurated in 2017 by PM Narendra Modi.
 NBA - Formation

 The leading spokesperson of Narmada Bachao Andolan was Medha Patkar and Baba Amte
who received the Right Livelihood Award in 1991.
 The mode of the campaign under NBA includes court actions, hunger strikes, rallies, and
gathering support from notable film and art personalities.
 Narmada Bachao Andolan was also joined by several NGOs with local people,
professionals, and activists as the founders with a non-violent approach.
 There were many groups supporting NBA such as Gujarat-based Narmada Asargrastha
Samiti, Madhya Pradesh-based Narmada Ghati Nav Nirman Samiti (Committee for a New
Life in the Narmada Valley) and Maharashtra-Based Narmada Dharangrastha Samiti
(Committee for Narmada Dam-Affected People).
NBA - Formation

 NBA’s slogans include – Vikas Chahiye, Vinash Nahin! (Development

wanted, not destruction) and “koi nahi hatega, bandh nahi banega!” (we
won’t move, the dam won’t be constructed).
Success of Narmada Bachao Andolan

 For its consistent non-violent struggle, Narmada Bachao Andolan won the ‘Right
Livelihood Award’ that aimed at bringing justice to society at large. 
 The issues of land for the displaced, the rehabilitation policy at a national level
and development planning without displacement have become national issues
with NBA interventions, influencing policymaking and mass movements. 
 NBA has been effective in its multiple strategies at the executive, legislative and
judicial level, campaigning against the destruction and displacement caused by
large dams and for the rights of the affected people – farmers, labourers,
fishermen and others. 
 Success of Narmada Bachao Andolan

• The achievements of the movements include:

• The exit of the World Bank from Sardar Sarovar in 1993
• Halt of Sardar Sarovar construction 1994-99
• Withdrawal of foreign investors from Maheshwar dam, 1999-2001
 CASE STUDY:
YAMUNA RIVER
RAJNISH GUPTA​
CONTENTS
Introduction​
Significance of YAMUNA
Source of pollution
​Projects and plans for YAMUNA
Presentation title 43

INTRODUCTION
• Yamuna is the second largest tributary of River Ganga and
the longest tributary of India
•  It originates from Yamunotri glacier in Uttarakhand and
flows across seven states and merges with the river Ganga at
Sangam in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh.
SIGNIFICANCE
• Religious Significance: Yamuna is worshipped in
Hinduism as the ‘Goddess Yamuna’
• Socioeconomic Significance: It helps create the
highly fertile alluvial Yamuna- in the Indo-Gangetic
plain. Nearly 57 million people depend on the
Yamuna’s waters. 
POLLUTION AND ITS 45

MAIN SOURCES
o Domestic Sources
According to a report submitted by the Delhi Pollution Control
Committee and the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to the
Yamuna Pollution Control Committee, at least 90% of domestic
wastewater in the city flows into the Yamuna .
o  Industrial heavy metal contamination
The catchment area of River Yamuna in Delhi is highly urbanized and
is networked with several drains. Najafgarh and Shahdara drains are
the major drains that discharge a heavy load of pollutants into the river.
o Idol Immersion leading to increased toxicity
Immersion of idols during festivals with cheap lead and chrome
paints and plaster of paris and puja articles such as polythene
bags, foam cut-outs, flowers, food offerings, decorations, metal
polish, plastic sheets, cosmetic items all are a cause for concern
for the river’s quality. 
CONT’D 46

o Plastic Pollution
In Agra, the Yamuna has been choked by intense plastic pollution. After
the 2017 ban on single-use plastics there has still been rampant use of plastics
which is evident by the production of plastic. 
According to records, Delhi produces 2,51,674 tonnes of plastic each year —
50% of which is single-use. That’s roughly 63,000 elephants worth of plastic.
o Untreated Sewage
More than 800 million litres of largely untreated sewage is pumped in the
Yamuna each day. Another 44 million litres of industrial effluents are also
discharged daily into the river. 
 47
PROJECTS AND PLANS FOR YAMUNA 
YAMUNA ACTION PLAN
The project is divided into 3 parts. 

(1993-2003) (2004-2011) 2018 onwards

Yamuna Action Plan I (YAP I)
 The plans were carried out by the
National River Conservation Directorate
(NRCD)
 Sewerage: construction of 29 STPs
58 pumping stations and 179 km of
sewers was proposed.  total budget sanctioned: INR.
 Non-sewerage: 1282 public toilet
complexes, 96 crematoria, Riverfront
development, plantation and public
awareness and participation were
proposed
Yamuna Action Plan II (YAP II)
 YAP II was mostly to undertake
non-sewerage part of the
objectives.  (NMCG) have been planned to
 The total STP capacity sanctioned
under YAP II was 189 MLD. The
6.24 billion
Yamuna Action Plan Phase III
 11 Projects under National
Mission for Clean Ganga
conserve River Yamuna in Delhi
including rehabilitation of
sewers, rehabilitation of Rising
mains, Tertiary Treatment Plants
and Sewerage projects in four
packages of Kondli (K1, K2, K3,
K4), three packages of Rithala
(R1, R2, R3) and Okhla Zone
(O). 
THANK YOU

GROUP 6