t-Distribution

Prepared by: Mr. John AAron D. Alcantara, LPT

 
Properties of t-distribution
1. The t-distribution is bell-shaped and symmetric about the
mean.

2. The t-distribution is a family of curves, each determined by a

parameter called the degrees of freedom. The degrees of
freedom are the number of free choices left after a sample
statistic such as is calculated. When you use a t-distribution
to estimate a population mean, the degrees of freedom are
equal to one less than the sample size.

d.f. = n-1 Degrees of freedom

 Properties of t-distribution
3.The total area under a t-curve is 1
or 100%.

4. The mean, median, and mode of

the t-distribution are equal to 0.
 Properties of t-distribution
5. As the degrees of freedom increase, the t-distribution
approaches the normal distribution. After 30 d.f., the t-
distribution is very close to the standard normal z-
distribution.
NOTE: Critical Values of t
are denoted by tc.
 Finding the critical values of t.
1.Find the critical value tc for a 95% confidence level
when the sample size is 15.

c = 0.95
df = n - 1
df =15 -1
df = 14
 Finding the critical values of t.
1.Find the critical value tc. For a 95% confidence level
when the sample size is 15.

c = 0.95 tc = 2.145
df = n - 1
df =15 -1 -tc = -2.145
df = 14
 Properties of t-distribution

1.The t-distribution is bell-shaped

and symmetric about the mean.
 0
So, 95% of the area under the t-distribution curve
with 14 degrees of freedom lies between
tc = ± 2.145
 Finding the critical values of t.
1.Find the critical value tc for a 90% confidence level
when the sample size is 22.

c = 0.90 tc = 1.721
df = n - 1
df = 22 -1 -tc = -1.721
df = 21
 -1.721 1.721

So, 90% of the area under the t-distribution curve

with 21 degrees of freedom lies between
tc = ± 1.721
 Confidence Intervals and t-Distributions
 
1. Find the sample statistics n, and s.
2. Identify the degrees of freedom, the level of
confidence c,and the critical value tc.
3. Find the margin of error E.

Find the left and right endpoints and form the

confidence interval.
Example:
1. You randomly select 16 coffee shops and
 

measure the temperature of the coffee sold

at each. The sample mean temperature is
162with a sample standard deviation of
10Construct a 95% confidence interval for
the population mean temperature. Assume
the temperatures are approximately normally
distributed.
Because the sample size is less than 30, standard
deviation is unknown, and the temperatures are
approximately normally distributed, you can use the t-
distribution
 
df = n – 1 c = 0.95
n = 16
df = 16 -1
= 162 tc = 2.131
df = 15
s = 10
E = tc •
 
Left end point = 162 – 5.3
E = 2.131 • = 156.7°F
E = 5.3 Right endpoint = 162 + 5.3
= 167.3°F

INTERVAL: 156.7°F
 

With 95% confidence level, you can say that the

population mean temperature of coffee sold is
between 156.7 and 167.3°F
Example:
2. You randomly select 20 cars of the same model that
were sold at a car dealership and determine the
number of days each car sat on the dealership’s lot
before it was sold.The sample mean is 9.75 days, with
a sample standard deviation of 2.39 days.Construct a
99% confidence interval for the population mean
number of days the car model sits on the dealership’s
lot.Assume the days on the lot are normally distributed.
Because the sample size is less than 30, is unknown,
and the days on the lot are normally distributed, you
can use the t-distribution.
 
df = n – 1 c = 0.99
n = 20
df = 20 -1
= 9.75 tc = 2.861
df = 19
s = 2.39
E = tc •
 
Left end point = 9.75 – 1.5
E = 2.861 • = 8.25 days
E = 1.5 Right endpoint = 9.75 + 1.5
= 11.25 days

INTERVAL: 8.22
 

With 99% confidence level, we can say that the population

mean number of days the car model sits on the dealership’s
lot is between 8.25 days and 11.25 days.
Weighted Mean
Prepared by: Mr. John AAron D. Alcantara, LPT
WEIGHTED MEAN-
-it is a kind of average, instead of each data point
contributing equally to the final mean, some data
points contribute more “weight” than others.

-it is commonly used in grades and likert scale

questionnaire.
Formulas:

   

= =

Mean Weighted Mean

Example
20 16 20 19
18 18 19 16
15 17 16 17
17 18 18 16
 Answer: Mean

 
20+16+20+19+18+18+19+16+¿15+17+16+17+17+18+18+16
´𝑥 =
16
 
=
 Answer: Weighted Mean

 
15 (1 ) +16 ( 4 ) +17 ( 3 ) +18 ( 4 )+ 19 ( 2 )+20 (2)
´𝑥 =
1+ 4+3+ 4+2+2

 
=
LIKERT SCALE- it is a widely used rating system for
survey research, consisting of a symmetrical scale of
positive and negative responses.
It quantify and analyze data that can be difficult to
measure, such as attitudes, values and opinions.
Problem: What are the factors that affect the performance of
students in the subject General Mathematics?
 
Put a check (/) on the box that will show your
agreement based on the given scale below:
4 – Strongly Agree
3 - Agree
2 - Disagree
1 – Strongly Disagree
Students Perception towards General 4 3 2 1
Mathematics
1. Like to study General Mathematics        
2. Can relate the subject in real life        
3. Helps to enhance my mind        
4. Very interesting to me        
5. Learning mathematics is enjoyable        
6. Give effort in studying the subject        
Table 1
Students Perception towards General 4 3 2 1 Weighted Verbal
Mathematics Mean Interpret
ation
1. Like to study General Mathematics  2  25 9  2  2.71  A 
2. Can relate the subject in real life  0  2  36 0  2.05   D
3. Helps to enhance my mind  12  24  1  1  3.24  A
4. Very interesting to me  2  16  19  1  2.50  D
5. Learning mathematics is enjoyable  1  24  10  3  2.61  A
6. Give effort in studying the subject  4  21 10   3  2.68  A
General Weighted Mean (GWM)          2.63  A
VERBAL INTERPRETATION
3.26 – 4.00 Strongly Agree
2.51 – 3.25 Agree
1.76 – 2.50 Disagree
1.00 – 1.75 Strongly Disagree
INTERPRETATION:

As shown in Table 1, the statements “Helps to enhance my mind”, “Like to

study General Mathematics”, “Give effort in studying the subject”, and
“Learning mathematics is enjoyable” has the verbal interpretation of Agree
(A), with the respective weighted mean of 3.24, 2.71, 2.68 and 2.61. On the
other hand, the statements “Very interesting to me” and “Can relate the
subject in real life” has the verbal interpretation of Disagree (D), with the
respective weighted mean of 2.50 and 2.05. The factor “Students
perception towards General Mathematics” has the verbal interpretation of
Agree (A), with the General Weighted Mean of 2.63. So it implies that
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