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ADAPTIVE TEACHING GUIDE

MET # 10

Lesson # t-test

Prerequisite Content-knowledge: Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing

Prerequisite Skill: Analytical Skills, Writing Null and Alternative Hypothesis, Computation of mean and standard deviation

Prerequisites Assessment:

I. Some of the following statements refer to the null hypothesis, some to the alternate hypothesis

State the null hypothesis (Ho), and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) in terms of the appropriate parameter

1. The mean number of years Americans work before retiring is 34.

a. H 0 :μ=34 ; Ha :μ ≠ 34 b. H 0 :μ ≠ 34 ; Ha :μ=34

c. H 0 :μ <34 ; Ha: μ ≠ 34 d. H 0 :μ >34 ; Ha: μ ≠ 34

2. At most 60% of Americans vote in presidential elections.

a. H 0 : p=0.60 ; Ha: p> 0.60 b. H 0 : p ≤ 0.60 ; Ha: p>0.60

c. H 0 : p >0.60 ; Ha: p<0.60 d. H 0 : p ≠ 0.60 ; Ha: p>0.60

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3. The mean starting salary for San Jose State University graduates is at least $100,000 per year.

a. H 0 :μ=100 , 000 ; Ha: μ<100 , 000 b. H 0 :μ ≠ 100 , 000 ; Ha: μ<100 , 000
c. H 0 :μ ≥ 100 , 000 ; Ha: μ<100 , 000 d. H 0 :μ ≤ 100 , 000 ; Ha: μ<100 , 000
4. Twenty-nine percent of high school seniors get drunk each month.

a. H 0 : p <0.29 ; Ha: p ≠0.29 b. H 0 : p >0.29 ; Ha : p ≠0.29

c. H 0 : p ≤ 0.29 ; Ha: p ≠ 0.29 d. H 0 : p=0.29 ; Ha : p ≠ 0.29
5. Fewer than 5% of adults ride the bus to work in Los Angeles.

a. H 0 : p=0.05 ; Ha: p< 0.05 b. H 0 : p >0.05 ; Ha: p<0.05

c. H 0 : p <0.05 ; Ha: p<0.05 d. H 0 : p ≠ 0.05 ; Ha: p<0.05
6. The mean number of cars a person owns in her lifetime is not more than ten.

a. H 0 :μ >10 ; Ha: μ>10 b. H 0 :μ ≤ 10 ; Ha: μ>10

c. H 0 :μ ≥ 10 ; Ha: μ>10 d. H 0 :μ=10 ; Ha: μ>10
7. About half of Americans prefer to live away from cities, given the choice.

a. H 0 : p >0.50 ; Ha: p ≠0.50 b. H 0 : p <0.50 ; Ha : p ≠0.50

c. H 0 : p=0.50 ; Ha: p ≠ 0.50 d. H 0 : p ≤ 0.50 ; Ha: p ≠ 0.50
8. Europeans have a mean paid vacation each year of six weeks.

a. H 0 :μ >6 ; Ha : μ ≠ 6 b. H 0 :μ <6 ; Ha: μ ≠ 6

c. H 0 :μ ≤ 6 ; Ha: μ ≠ 6 d. H 0 :μ=6 ; Ha :μ ≠ 6
9. The chance of developing breast cancer is under 11% for women.

a. H 0 : p ≥ 0.11 ; Ha: p<0.11 b. H 0 : p=0.11 ; Ha : p<0.11

c. H 0 : p <0.11; Ha : p <0.11 d. H 0 : p ≤ 0.11 ; Ha: p<0.11
10. Private universities' mean tuition cost is more than $20,000 per year.

a. H 0 :μ=20 , 000 ; Ha : μ>20 , 000 b. H 0 :μ ≤ 20 , 000 ; Ha: μ>20 , 000

c. H 0 :μ >20 , 000; Ha : μ>20 , 000 d. H 0 :μ ≥ 20 , 000 ; Ha : μ>20 , 000

II. Enumerate the basic steps in conducting a hypothesis testing

1. Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis

2. Set the level of Significance
3. Determining the test-statistics to be used
4. Determining the rejection or the critical Region
5. Data Computation
6. Compared the computed value obtained in no.5 and tabular value obtained in no. 4 (Decision)
7. State your decision and conclusion
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Pre-lesson Remediation Activity:

For Students with Insufficient Level on Prerequisite Content-knowledge and/or Skill(s):

For Students with Fairly Sufficient Level on Prerequisite Content-knowledge and/or Skill(s):

Introduction:

Time Frame: 2 hours

Teacher’s Email: naperimonica4@gmail.com

The Lesson Objectives

At the end of the lesson the Students are expected to:

1. Know when to apply t-test in hypothesis testing

2. Determine the tabular value of the t-test according to the level of significance
3. Calculate the computed value of the t-test.
4. Perform a hypothesis testing using T-test.
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Overview

In performing a hypothesis Testing, statistical tools are very important in order to make a good decision. Different statistical tools have a different use in hypothesis testing. Some use in testing a significant
difference and other use to test the significant relationship etc. In testing problems with significant difference, there are different statistical tools ca be used and one of them is the T-test.

Student’s Experiential Learning:

Chunk 1

What is T-test?
A t-test is a tool for evaluating the means of one or two populations using hypothesis testing.

Chunk 2

When to used T-test?

 Can be used if the probability distribution is normal

 Used to test the difference
 Sample size is small (n ≤ 30)

Population standard deviation is estimated from the sample standard deviation

Formative question

Chunk 3

How to used t-test?

I. One-Sample Mean Test

(x−u) √ n
t=
s
Where:
u = established popular mean
x = sample mean
s = sample standard deviation
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n = number of samples
Degree of freedom v=n−1
II. Two-Sample Mean Test
x 1−x 2
t=
√ ¿¿ ¿ ¿
Where:
x 1 = sample mean for group 1
x 2 = sample mean for group 2
s12 = sample variance for group 1
2
s2 = sample variance for group 2 (s = standard deviation, s2 = variance)
n1 = sample size for group 1
n2 = sample size for group 2
Degree of freedom v=( n1 +n 2) −2

Application of T-test

A. T-Test: One sample mean

Example: The personnel department of a company developed an aptitude test for a certain group of semi-skilled. The individual test score w ere assumed to be normally distributed. The department asserted
a tentative hypothesis that the arithmetic mean grade obtained by this grouped of semi-skilled workers would be 100. It was agreed that this hypothesis would be subjected to a two-tailed test at 5% level of
significance. The aptitude test was given to a sample of 16 semi-skilled workers and the results are:
Assumed that the sample mean and standard deviation was already computed.
x=94 s=5 n=16 u=100
Hypothesis Testing
1. State the null and alternative hypothesis
Ho: The arithmetic mean obtained by the semi-skilled workers is 100 (Ho: u=100)
Ha: The arithmetic mean obtained by the semi-skilled workers is not equal 100 (Ho: u≠ 100 two tailed-test)
2. Determine the level of significance and the degree of freedom.
At a=5 %∨0.05 with the df =n−1=16−1=15 the T-Tabular value is ± 2.131 (refer to table A.2 t-distribution-two tailed test in the previous module)
3. Determine the test statistics to be used
T-Test: two sample means since n=16 ( n ≤30 )
4. Compute for the value of T computed
( x−u) √ n
t computed =
s
(94−100) √ 16
t computed =
5
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−6( 4)
t computed =
5
−24
t computed =
5
t computed =−4.80

5. Make the decision.

The¿ t computed =−4.80 /¿/t tabular =±2.131/ ¿
Since the t computed valueis greater thanthe t tabular value, we shall reject the null hypothesis (Ho) and accept the alternative hypothesis (Ha).
6. State the conclusion.
The hypothesis that the arithmetic mean grade obtained by the grouped of semi-skilled workers would be 100 is not true at a=0.05 .
B. Two-Sample mean test
EXAMPLE: A taxi company is trying to determine whether the use of radial tires and belted tires provide the same fuel consumption. Twelve car driven twice over a prescribe test course; and for each
test a car used a different type of tire (radial and belted) in random order. The data obtained were recorded as follows:
Assumed that the sample mean and standard deviation was already computed (review how to calculate the sample mean and standard deviation from the previous lesson)

Types of tires x s
Radial 5.75 1.10
Belted 5.61 1.30
At 0.05 level of significance can we conclude that cars with radial tires and belted tires provide the same fuel consumption? Assumed that the data are randomly distributed.
Hypothesis Testing
1. State the null and alternative hypothesis
Ho: (u1=u2): there is no significant difference on the fuel consumption of cars using radial and belted tires.
Ha: u1=u 2 ¿ : there is a significant difference on the fuel consumption of cars using radial and belted tires.
2. Determine the level of significance and the degree of freedom.
At a=5 %∨0.05 with the df =( n1 +n2 ) −2=( 12+12 )−2=24−2=22 the T-Tabular value is ± 2.074 (refer to table A.2 t-distribution-two tailed test)
3. Determine the test statistics to be used
T-Test: two sample means since both n1 and n2 are both 12 (n ≤ 30)
4. Compute for the value of T computed
x 1−x 2
t=

t=
√ [ s12 (n1 −1)] +[ s 22 (n2−1)]
( 1 2)
n + n −2
5.75−5.61
1 1
n
+
1 n2
[ ]
√ [ ( 1.10 )2 (12−1)] + [ ( 1.30 )2 (12−1)]
(12+12 ) −2 [ 1 1
+
12 12 ]
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0.14
t=

√[ 1.21(11) ]+ [ 1.69(11)]
24−2
0.14
[ 0.08+0.08 ]

t=

√[ 13.31+18.59
22
0.14
]
[ 0.16 ]

t=

√[31.9
22
0.14
][ 0.16 ]

t=
√ [ 1.45 ][ 0.16 ]
0.14
t=
√ 0.232
0.14
t=
0.48
t=¿0.29
5. Make the decision.
The¿ t computed =−0.29/¿ /t tabular =± 2.074 /¿
Since the t computed valueis less thanthe t tabular value, we shall accept t the null hypothesis (Ho) and reject the alternative hypothesis (Ha).
6. State the conclusion.

The fuel consumption of cars using radial and belted tires is not significantly different at a=0.05

Synthesis

T-TEST

 Can be used if the probability distribution is normal

 Used to test the difference
 Sample size is small (n ≤ 30)
 Population standard deviation is estimated from the sample standard deviation.
I. One-Sample Mean Test
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(x−u) √ n
t=
s

I. Two-Sample Mean Test

x 1−x 2
t=
√ ¿¿ ¿ ¿

RUA of a Student’s Learning:

Apply the test hypothesis steps and procedures for the following research problems.

In a study of instant coffee by a simple random of 10 rural families, the consumption of such coffee was found to have an arithmetic mean of 30 ounce per family every month with a standard deviation of 10 ounces.
In another similar study for 17 urban families, consumption was found to average 28 ounces with a standard deviation of 8 ounces. At 0.01 level of significance, would you conclude that there was a statistically
significant difference in the sample average of consumption of instant coffee between the rural and urban families.

Hypothesis Testing

1. State the Null and Alternative Hypothesis

Ho:
Ha:
2. Determine the Level of Significance
3. Determine the Test-Statistics to be used.
4. Data Computation
5. State your Decision
6. Conclusion

Post-lesson Remediation Activity:

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