LITERATURE REVIEW

STUDENT ACTIVITY CENTER

GROUP MEMBERS
Tenday Rangrik
Yangzome
Sonam Dema
Thukten Rabjay
Karma Yoezer
Khamdruk Dolma
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CONTENTS

AGENDA COVERAGE CLIMATOLOGICAL

ASPECTS

CONTEXT DATA RELATIONSHIP REFERENCES

COLLECTION BETWEEN
SPACES

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 ORGANIZATIONAL CONTEXT

 Organization of students, faculty, and alumni composing the union

with a governing board at its head.
 In united states, the student activity center is also known as student
union, or student committee.
 Student activity center is devoted to student recreation and
socialization.

 A student activity center might offer a variety of programs, activities,

services, and facilities.

Fig: activity in SAC

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 HOBBY

ADMINISTRATIVE GAMES

MAINTENANCE FACILITIES & OUTDOOR

ACTIVITIES

FOODING MISCELLANEOUS

THEATRE

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ADMINISTRATION AND SERVICES

 Lobby  Non-union offices

 Employees' lockers  Bank
 Pay telephones  Ticket office
 Lost and found office  Delivery area
 Offices  Trash rooms
 Check and coat rooms  Post office
 Rest rooms  Mechanical rooms
 Information center
 Janitorial spaces
 Bookstore
 Bulletin boards

Fig: administrative services

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OFFICES
-ADMINISTRATIVE FACILITIES

Semi- private offices

( 13.9 – 37 sq.m)
Aisle ( 0.9 – 1.2 m
wide) Desk to
desk (2.2 m)

Private offices
( 9.2 – 27.8 sq.m)

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OFFICES LAYOUT

Figure: Formal meeting rooms

and spaces of varying sizes.
A- 4 seat;
B- 6 seat;
C- 8 seat;
D- 10 seat;
E- 12 seat presentation space;
F -12 seat presentation space;
G- 36 seat presentation space.

Figure: Copy area

Figure: Bench seating

 UNIVERSAL DESIGN
• Access paths: 1.2-2 m wide.
• Corridors: at least 1.3 m (preferably 2 m) wide.
• Door opening: 0.95 m.
• Maximum ramp inclination: 4.80 or 1:12.
• Minimum ramp width: 1.2 m.
• Height of light switches and electrical sockets: 1-1.05 m.
• Minimum area of entrance halls: 1.5x1.5 m.

Toilets
• Minimum size of one toilet compartment: 2000 mmx1750 mm
on each floor having all barrier free provisions.
• The horizontal travel distance to the nearest toilet facilities:
- In large public buildings should not exceed 40 m.
- In schools should not exceed 25 m.
• Internal wall of WC should be contrasted with an
impervious material to a minimum of 90 cm height.

Fig. Ramp design for handicapped people

F
i
CIRCULATION
• Corridors should have an unobstructed
width of 1800mm.
• Open spaces below ramps, escalator
and stairs should be blocked out
completely by protective guard rails,
raised curbs or marked with a tactile
surface.

Fig: Corridor width

DOOR
• Should provide a clear opening of 900mm.
• A distance of 400mm to 600mm should be
provided beyond the leading edge of door
to enable a wheelchair user to maneuver
and to reach the handle.
Fig: Door opening with respect to wheel chair
HVAC Systems
• HVAC system refers to heating, ventilation ,air conditioning and the control of all the three
elements.
1.Heating
• To maintain the temperature in comfort zone.
• Heat can be distributed in water or in air. As water has a higher specific heat capacity than air, it
requires smaller pipes in comparison to air ducts for the same heat transfer

Specific heat capacity Specific heat Volumetric specific

capacity (KJ/KgK) heat capacity(KJ/m2K)
Table. Specific heat capacity for both water and air
water 4.2 41.5
Air 1.01 1.2

Fig: boiler room and domestic two pipe wet central system for heating
 ENTRANCE LOBBIES
• Environmentally, it can limit uncontrolled air
movement, reducing heat loss and draughts.
• It can also provide a space to shed rainwater to
avoid the associated slip hazard further in the
building, and it can also provide transitional
lighting levels.

Fig: Lobby design with single doors

Entrance lobby design

Fig: Lobby design with single doors • Size: The lobby should be large enough to
allow a wheelchair user (accompanied)
DL1 and DL2 = door leaf dimensions of
or a parent with a pushchair to negotiate
the door to the lobby. DP1 and DP2 =
door projection into the lobby
the doors at either end, clear of the
L = min. length of lobby opening arc of the other door, see Figure.
a = at least 300mm wheelchair access
space
STAIRS
.
• In these cases, the stairs need to follow those
inclines so the resulting designs are very project
specific.
Fig: The range of permissible design dimensions for common stairs.

• .
• Width: Stairs should not be less than 1.2 m
wide. (There is no minimum in domestic
situations but 850 mm is suggested with 600
mm when the stair is serving only one room.)

Fig: Alternating stair tread layout (Source: Building Regulation K1 1.10)

Fig: Staircase headroom – essential elements are the points at

which it is measured (Source: Building Regulation Part K1 1.3)
 FOOD

 Banquet room
 Cafeteria
 Kitchen Service
 dining rooms
 Coffee shop
 Garbage room
 Commuters' lunchroom
 Trash room

Fig: food services

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 FOOD COURT
Interior space is divided in three aspects:
1. Dining area (major area)
2. Kitchen (50% of dining area)
3. Pantry and storage area (1.5 to 2 time of the kitchen)

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KITCHEN Type of restaurant Kitchen
area(m²/seat)
Some typical dimensions are:
Dining of 80 seats 0.7-0.9
• Work top and sink rim height 870–900 mm. Restaurant of 100 seats 0.4-0.6
Cafeteria of 140 seats 0.4
• Wall bench width 600–750 mm.
Fast food / takeaway of 50 seats 0.8-1.0
• Island bench or table width 900–1050 mm.
• Length of work area with convenient reach 1200–1800 Table: Standard kitchen space for different
services
mm.
Preparation, cooking and dishwashing take up about 50% of
the total kitchen areas. Storage, service and staff facilities
the remainder.

Figure: Heights for storage shelving limits for

men and women
Figure: Minimum space between equipment
for working and circulation

Figure: Heights for Convenient reach for

heavy or frequently used items
Figure: An example of food court of Gatwick Food court Legend: 5-Hot meals 6-Pastry 10-Tray collection points 11-Kiosk
1 Trays 7-Health foods 8-Cashies points 12-Main finishing kitchen 13-Catering
2Beverages 9-Cups and condiments support area
3 3-Breakfast 4-
Bread
 Table 1. Sanitary requirements in CAFETERIA
Sanitary Male customers Female customers
item
WC 1 per 100 up to 400 males plus 2 per 50 up to 200 females plus
1 for every additional 250(or part of 250) males 1 for every additional 100 (or part of 100) females

Urinal 1 per 50 males -

Wash basins 1 per WC plus, 1 per 5(or part of 5) urinals. 1 per WC

Cleaners’ Adequate provision should be made for cleaning

sink facilities including at least one cleaners’ sink.

Table 2. Sanitary requirements in Auditorium, gymnasium

Sanitary item Male Female
WC 1 for up to 250 males plus 1 for every additional 2 for up to 40 females, 3 for 41 to 70 females, 4 for 71
500(or part of 500) males. to 100 females, plus 1 for every additional 40(or part of
40) females.

Urinal 2 for up to 100 males plus 1 for every additional -

80(or part of 80) males.
Wash basins 1 per WC, plus 1 per 5(or part of 5) urinals. 1 per WC, plus 1 per 2(or part of 2) WCs.
Cleaners’ sink Adequate provision should be made for cleaning
facilities including at least one cleaners’ sink.
 Fig. Range of hand-rinse basins (non-recessed),
activity and circulation spaces

Fig. Range of urinals, activity and circulation

spaces

Fig. WC cubicle, inward-opening door, sanitary

Fig. A possible layout including baby changing facilities bin zone
 QUIET

 Conference room
 Lounges
 Music listening room
 Library
 Guest rooms
 Altar
 Art room
 Health centre

Fig: spaces requiring quiet environment

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 CONFERENCE ROOM

Layout 1 Layout 2 Layout 3

55 sq.m for the capacity of 36 23 sq.m for the capacity of 20 64 sq.m for the capacity of 45
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 LIBRARY

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 GAMES

 Table tennis room

 Bowling alleys
 Chess room
 Billiard room
 Football ground
 Basketball court
 Badminton
 Volleyball court


Fig : Recreational facilities focusing on

brain and physics
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 BASKETBALL & VOLLEYBALL COURT
Volleyball
net height : 2.1m
long axis along north to south
Area :
372 sq.m

Basketball
Long axis along north to south
Area : 468 sq.m

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 SPORTS ACTIVITIES

Football
Long axis along northwest to
southeast
Area: 5945 sq.m

Table tennis
Alley : 3m
36m by 7.5 m per court

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 THEATRE

 Auditorium
 Amphitheatre
 Dressing rooms
 Rehearsal room
 Lobbies
 Ticket booth
 Projection booth Offices

Fig: theatre
related activities

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AUDITORIUM
• The three-dimensional volume of an auditorium is conditioned by the
need for all members of the audience to be able to see the whole of the
platform or stage; and to hear the actor, singer, musician or speaker
Seating
• Seat height: 430–450 mm.
• Seat inclination: an angle to the horizontal of 7–9°.
• Back height: 800–850 mm above floor level (may be increased for acoustic
reasons).
• Back inclination: angle to the vertical of 15–20°.
• Seat depth: 600–720 mm for seat and back depth overall
• reducing to 425–500 mm when the seat is tipped
• Arm rests: 50 mm minimum width, Number of seats=22 maximum
• The area per seat therefore varies between 0.38 m2 and 3.05 m2
• Gangways at least 1.2 meters
• Space between seats 0.8 to 1.2 meters

Fig: Types of seat layout

Fig: Vertical sightlines: a 16 mm and 35 mm

Fig: a)Row to row dimension and clearway with fixed seating.

Fig: Vertical sightlines:70 mm film. Seating options b)Row to row dimension and clearway with tipped-up seating.
 LOBBY

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 Open air theatre (OAT)
Specification
• Stage is raised at 75cm above the ground floor level
• Lower seat rise 30cm and tread 100cm
• Higher seat rise of 45cm
• Slope of seating should not be less than 12 degrees, for better audibility and
visibility
• Noise level should not exceed 40 decibel
• Angle of view=>20 degrees
 Art gallery
Ceiling and roofs
• Rooms with lateral lighting may have ordinary ceiling (flats, vaulted, smooth)
all that is required being a suitable refraction of diffused colorless light.
• Light falling directly from above through skylight/window which form a
permanent feature of the room

Height of the building

• The height of the covered part of the
• exhibition space or building height
• must be less than 12m
• The height limit for any additional
• architectural elements like skylights,
• roof etc is 17m
 OUTDOOR

 Casual Games
 Sun decks
 Parking
 Parks
 Fountains

Fig: outdoor spaces

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PARKING
• Angle of Approach- 14 .0 to
14.60
• Angle of Departure- a
minimum of 10 0
• Maximum ramp slope: 1:12
slope.
• Car spaces per 100 m 2 gross
retail area
for shopping centers: 4-5.

Fig. Standard parking lot layout

Parking lots
• The ramp angle must not exceed 7 0 .
• The limit of the front approach angle is
14 0 .
• Parking stalls should be at least 2.7-3 m
wide
• Parking lots: 32.5 m 2 per car
• Parking spaces: 3.35 m wide and 2.1 m
height.
• Buffer space between two cars: 17.9 m.
BICYCLE PARKING

Min width of single lane cycle path : 1m

Width of two lane cycle path : 1.6 – 2m

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 MISCELLENEOUS

 Swimming pool
 Gym
 Skating rink
 Music practice room
 Cooperative grocery
 Ski slide
 Convention hall

Fig: recreational facilities

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 INDOOR SWIMMING POOL

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 GYM

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5 sq.m per person
 RADIO STATION
Provided to focus on Music, panel discussion, and news programming
Control room : 40 sq.m (2) – usage of sound diffusers.
Studio : 25 sq.m ( 2 – 5)
Record storage space

Fig: layout of radio station

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TENSILE ROOFS AND AWNINGS

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 REQUIREMENTS
SL. NO. AREAS AREA(SQ. M.)
1 Reception 8 - 10
2 Lounge 0.98 per person
(20 seats)
3 Cafeteria / Food court 0.83 – 1.5
(100 seats) (150 sq.m)
4 Parking 11.52 per space
5 Amphitheater 0.9 per person
6 Art gallery 0.6 per person
7 Restrooms 1.5 (min)
3 (handicapped)
8 Offices 9.2 - 13.9
9 Auditorium 0.9 per person
(300 – 800) (530 sq.m)
10 Recreational areas(outdoor) -

11 Indoor swimming pool 273 sq.m

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 REQUIREMENTS
SL. NO. AREAS AREA(SQ. M.)
12 Conference 0.98 per person
(40) (39.2 sq.m)
13 Library 2 per person (including
reading space)
14 Health center -

16 Volleyball court 372

17 Basketball court 468
18 Football 5945
19 Long tennis 270 / court
20 Canopy 1.5
21 Gym 200 for 40 – 45 users

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 SITE COVERAGE

 The proportion of a site that is covered by buildings and structures.

 Site coverage includes awnings, basement, driveways, outbuildings, swimming pools and
parking spaces.

Fig: site coverage %

Greater the area provided, less is the site coverage allowance

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 CLIMATOLOGICAL ASPECTS

 A climatic-responsive building design

reflects the weather conditions in the precise
area where the building is constructed.
 It utilizes the data on the region’s weather
patterns and accounts for factors like
seasonality, intensity of the sun, wind,
rainfall, and humidity.
 Hence, the elements that needs to be
considered are building envelope, solar
control and site specific analysis.
 The hot and humid climate is characterized
by hot and humid summers, and mild
winters.
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 WALL CLADDING

 Standard cross section depicting

various types of building
materials, indicate the insulation
value which can be achieved.
 The types of materials used for
insulation are cork, concrete,
plastic panels, and clay.
 Providing cavity in between the
two materials acts as thermal as
well as acoustic insulation.
 Based on the insulation value
required for certain climatic
conditions, different materials
with different thicknesses can be
adopted.

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 ROOF COVERINGS

 A cold roof is roof in which the

thermal insulation layer is located
between the ceiling joist such that
the rafters above is colder than the
living space below it.
 Cold roof provides easy installation
options, and doesn’t affect the
profile of the building.
 The components required are
waterproofing membrane, insulating
material, air cavity for ventilation.
 Material can be chosen based on the
availability and preferences.

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 DAMP PROOFING COURSE

Fig: damp proofing in different components

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 ACOUSTIC INSULATION
Acoustic requirement
• The height of the hall is determined by such considerations as ventilation, presence
( or absence) of balcony and the type of performance.
• The average height may vary from 6 m for small halls to 7·5 m for large halls. The
volume per person required to be provided should normally range between. 3·5 to 5.5
m3. Suitable volumes for different types are given below but it is recommended that
higher values be adopted only in special cases:

Cubic meters per

person
Cinemas or theaters 4-5
Music halls or concert halls 4-5.5

• Reflecting surfaces shall be used . areas which cause

objectionable sound reflection and need to be treated with
sound
absorbents should be earmarked for treatment with sound
absorbing material.

Fig. shape of ceiling for

acoustic stability
A 100 mm min 100 mm
C 100 mm
Face of wall
O 100 mm air space hole

U 50 mm fiberglass or mineral wool or acoustical blankets

S 100 mm hardwood veneer plywood panels

T Continuous 100mm*50mm plywood strips nailed to 50*50mm furring

I
50*50mm wood furring
C Shims to set furring

I
N Fig :Acoustic treatment with ply
and fiber glass
S
U • The materials generally used may be broadly classified into the
L following categories:
A a) Acoustic plaster
T b) Compressed cane or wood fiberboard,
I c) Wood particle board;
O d) Compressed wood wool
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPACES

 Well planned union building separates its areas by functions to permit efficient communication,
supervision, and operation.

 It surrounds those who use it with opportunities with the usage of pervasiveness.

 All the quiet areas of the union building need not be connected, but they should be isolated from the
noisier sections such as kitchens, workshops, or game areas.

 Art gallery, Auditorium, Gym, and other recreational facilities should be placed adjacent to each
other.

 The indoor games such as table tennis should not cause disturbances to quiet areas such as health
center and administrative center.

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References
• Bhutan Building Rules 2002. (2002).

• Buxton, P. (2015). Metric Handbook Planning and Design. New York: Routledge.

• Chiara, J. D., & Callender, J. (1987). Time Saver Standards for Building Types. Singapore:

Singapore National Printers Limited.

• Neufert, P. (n.d.). Architects' Data. Oxford.