TYPICAL STAGES IN

RESEARCH
1. SELECTING A PROBLEM
2. REVIEWING THE LITERATURE ON THE
PROBLEM
3. DESIGNING THE RESEARCH
4. COLLECTING THE DATA
5. ANALYZING THE DATA
6. INTERPRETING FINDINGS AND STATING
CONCLUSIONS
7. REPORTING RESULTS
RESEACH DESIGN
 THE COMPLETE PLAN OF ATTACK ON THE
RESEARCH PROBLEM
 PROVIDES THE OVERALL STRUCTURE FOR
THE PROCEDURES THAT THE RESEARCHER
FOLLOWS, THE DATA THAT THE
RESEARCHER COLLECTS, AND THE DATA
ANALYSES THAT THE RESEARCHER
CONDUCTS, THUS INVOLVES PLANNING
 PLAN WITH THE CENTRAL GOAL OF
SOLVING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM IN
MIND
TYPES OF RESEARCH
 BASIC RESEARCH
 AIMED AT OBTAINING EMPIRICAL DATA USED TO
FORMULATE AND EXPAND THEORIES, AND THE
FRONTIERS OF KNOWLEDGE WITHOUT REGARD TO
PRACTICAL APPLICATION
 NOT DESIGNED TOWARDS THE SOLUTION OF
PRACTICAL PROBLEMS
 APPLIED RESEARCH
 AIMS TO SOLVE AN IMMEDIATE PRACTICAL PROBLEM
AT APPROPRIATE LEVEL OF COMPLEXITY (E.G. T-L
SITUATION)
APPLIED RESEARCH
 QUANTITATIVE = INVOLVES OBJECTIVE
MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL DATA
ANALYSIS TO UNDERSTAND AND EXPLAIN
A PHENOMENON.
 QUALITATIVE = FOCUSES ON
UNDERSTANDING A SOCIAL PHENOMENON
FROM THE PRESPECTIVE OF THOSE
INVOLVED AS PARTICIPANTS IN THE
RESEARCH
APPLIED RESEARCH
 AIMS AT UTILIZING THE PREVIOUSLY
ATTAINED PRINCIPLES TO SOLVE
EXISTING PROBLEMS
 MAY RESULT IN A NEW TECHNOLOGY OR
NEW STRATEGY, WHICH IS BETTER, MORE
EFFECTIVE OR MORE COST EFFECTIVE
 E.G.:
 RESEARCH TO IMPROVE LEARNING
 RESEARCH TO REDUCE ACCIDENTS ON THE
HIGHWAY
 RESEARCH TO INCREASE THE PRODUCTION OF FOOD
 APPLIED RESEARCH
CLASIFIED ACCORDING TO RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY USED :
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
 CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
 EX POST FACTO RESEARCH
 EXSPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (TRUE VS QUASI)
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 CASE STUDIES
 PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH
 ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
EXAMPLES OF DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
 PRINCIPALS’ PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS
TEACHER GRADUATES FROM UPM
 CURRENT STATUS OF THE TEACHING OF
SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS IN ENGLISH:
TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS
 WORKPLACE BULLYING AND MENTAL
HEALTH LEVELS AMONG EMPLOYEES OF ……..
 CAREER DEVELOPMMENT OPPORTUNITIES
AND JOB SATISFACTION AMONG EMPLOYEES
OF ……..
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
 TO OBTAIN INFORMATION ON CURRENT
STATUS OF PHENOMENON
 TO PROVIDE INFORMATION ON THE
SITUATION DURING THE TIME OF STUDY
 USUALLY PERFORMED WHEN A PROBLEM
DEVELOPED IN CURRENT PRACTICES AND
THE RESEARCHER WANTS TO FIND OUT
THE STATUS QUO
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

 INVOLVES NUMEROUS VARIABLES

TO BE STUDIED
 DOES NOT INVOLVE THE
IMPLEMENTATION AND CONTROL OF
TREATMENTS LIKE IN AN
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
 ARE OF DIFFERENT TYPES
BASED ON HOW DATA ARE
COLLECTED:
1) THROUGH SELF REPORT
2) THROUGH OBSERVATIONS
 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
(SELF REPORT)

 INFORMATION ARE OBTAINED

FROM INDIVIDUALS USING:
 QUESTIONNAIRES, INTERVIEWS,
STANDARD SCALES
 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

 THROUGH OBSERVATIONS
 DATA ARE COLLECTED THROUGH
DIRECT OBSERVATIONS
 NOTE: SOMETIMES BOTH METHODS

ARE USED IN THE SAME RESEARCH

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
(SELF REPORT)
 SURVEY STUDIES
 FOLLOW-UP STUDIES

 DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES

 TREND ANALISES
PURPOSE OF SURVEY
 TO COLLECT DETAIL INFORMATION
IN ORDER TO EXPLAIN CURRENT
PHENOMENA
 TO IDENTIFY PROBLEMS OR TO
JUSTIFY CURRENT SITUATION AND
PRACTICES
 TO COMPARE SITUATIONS OR TO
EVALUATE CURRENT SITUATIONS
DATA COLLECTION FOR
SURVEY
 SURVEY OF DOCUMENTS
 MAIL SURVEY

 SURVEY THROUGH
INTERVIEWS
 GROUPS
 INDIVIDUALS
FOLLOW-UP STUDIES
 DONE AFTER A PROGRAMMME
HAS BEEN CONDUCTED
 MAY NOT NECESSARILY BE AN
EVALUATION OF THE
PROGRAMME
DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES
 CONCERNED PRIMARILY WITH
VARIABLES THAT DIFFERENTIATE
CHILDREN AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF
AGE, GROWTH, OR MATURATION
 INVESTIGATE PROGRESSION ALONG A
NUMBER OF DIMENSIONS, E.G. PHYSICAL,
EMOTIONAL, OR SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
 CROSS-SECTIONAL OR LONGITUDINAL
TREND STUDIES
 CONDUCTED BASED ON
ACCUMULATED LONGITUDINAL
DATA – OBSERVE WHAT
HAPPENED PREVIOUSLY, THEN
OBSERVE THE CURRENT PATTERN,
AND BASED ON AVAILABLE DATA,
PREDICT WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IN
THE FUTURE