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laifoa:t'

• Dfgf];fdflhs / dgf];fdflhs ;':jfYo

• dgf];fdflhs ;d:of
• sf/0f / nIf0f tyf c;/x?
• Effjgf JoQm ug]{ tl/sfx?
• dgf];fdflhs ;d:ofx? Ufnt wf/0ff
• Kfft lrGg] v]n
• ;fdgf
• dgf]ljdz{
• 5nkmn
08/26/2020 2
dgf];fdflhs eg]sf] s] xf] <

Dfgf] M
“dgf]” eGg] zJb dgsf] cj:yf jf dg eGg] a'emfpF5 .
o; cGt{ut s'g} klg JolQmsf] ;f]rfO{,ljrf/,efjgf,wf/0ff, O{R5f,
cfsfªIff, ljZjf; h:tf s'/fx? Kfb{5g\ . o;sf ;fy} JolQmsf] z/L/ /
Jojxf/nfO{ klg dgn] lg/Gt/ k|efj kfb{5 .
Hf:t} M dgdf l/;sf] efjgf cfPdf To; kZrft JolQmn] emu8f
u5{ eg] Tof] Joxf/df kf/]sf] k|efj xf], o; ;dodf l/;fPsf]
JolQmnfO{ zf/Ll/s ?kdf an cfpg' jf xft uf]8f s8f x'g' zf/Ll/s ?
kdf kf/]sf] k|efj xf] .
dgsf] s'g} cfsf/ k|sf/ eGg' eGbf klg dg x/]s JolQm;Fu x'G5 /
cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 .
dgnfO{ cGo JolQm;Fusf] ;DaGw,;fdflhs jftfj/0f / 36gfx?n]
efjgf,wf/0ff,ljrf/ nufotsf ;Dk"0f{ kIfx?df k|efj kfb{5 .
08/26/2020 3
;fdflhs M
“;fdflhs” zAbn] JolQmsf] ;fdflhs jftfj/0f;Fusf] ;DaGw /
Jojxf/ eGg] a'lemG5
o; cGt{ut JolQm, kl/jf/, gft]bf/, l5d]sL, ;d'x, ;d'bfo /
;d'bfosf ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yf, l/ltl/jfh, wd{ ;+:s[tL cflb
kb{5g\ .
;fdflhs d"No dfGotf,wd{;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f rfnrng cflbn]
;fdflhs kIf / JolQmnfO{ ;w} k|efj kfl//x]sf x'G5g\ .
s'g} klg JolQm cfkmgf] ;dfhdf -kl/jf/ ,:s'n / ;d'bfodf _
x's]{ a9]sf] x'G5 . To; ;dfh k|lt p;sf] dg -
ljrf/,;f]rfO{,efjgf _ cfkmg} 9+usf] x'G5 . oL b'O{ dg /
;dfh aLrsf] ;DaGw g} Dfgf];fdflhs xf] .

dg / ;dfhsf] cGtls|ofn] JolQmdf kg]{ k|efj ÷ c;/ g}

dgf];fdflhs xf] . 08/26/2020 4
 dgf];fdflhs ;':jfYo
dgf];dflhs ;'–:jf:yo eGgfn] s'g} klg JolQmsf] dg,z/L/
/ p;sf] ;dfh oL ltg} kIfx? aLrsf] ;DaGw ;Gt'lnt x'g'
xf] . obL oL tLg dWo] s'g} Psdf u8a9L cfPdf p;sf]
dgf];fdflhs ;'–:jf:Yodf gsf/fTds c;/ kb{5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nfuL obL s'g} JolQm tgfjdf /x]df o;n]
p;sf] dgf];fdflhs :jf:Yodf gsf/fTds c;/ kfb{5 . o;/L g}
kl/jf/ jf ;dfhdf lsrnf],ljjfb cflb ePdf Pj+ zf/Ll/s ?kdf
c:j:y ePdf klg JolQmsf] dgf];fdflhs :jf:Yodf gsf/fTds
c;/ kfb{5 . o;/L dg / c? kIfx?aLr ;sf/fTds cGtlqmofn]
dfq dgf];fdflhs ;'–:jf:Yo ;Dej x'G5 . To;}n]
dgf];fdflhs ;'–:jf:Yo JolQmdf dfq ;Lldt geO{ ;fd'lxs
klg x'g] ub{5 . o;sf/0f dgf];fdflhs ;xof]u JolQm /
;d'x b'j}lt/ nlIft x'g] ub{5 .
08/26/2020 5
 dgf];fdflhs ;d:of eg]sf] s] xf] <
• dfly elgP h:t} JolQm / ;fdlhs cj:yfx?aLr lg/Gt/
cGt/lqmof x'g] ub{5 . o:tf] cGt/ls|ofdf bf}
+t/L,kfl/jfl/s,;fdflhs,;f+:s[lts,wfld{s laleGg ;d'x tyf cGo
y'k|} jftfj/0fLo sf/s tTjx?n] JolQmsf] dgf]j}1flgs
cj:yfnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ ub{5 . dgf]j}1flgs cj:yf eg]sf]
JolQmsf] ;f]r,efjgf / Jojxf/sf] kIf xf] .of] cj:yf hlt
gsf/fTds aG5 Tolt g} dgf];fdflhs :jf:Yodf k|lts'n k|efj
kb{5 cyf{t dgf];fdflhs ;d:of b]lvg] ub{5 .
• Hfa JolQmsf] Joaxf/ ;dfhn] :jLsf/ ub{5 ta tL JolQm
To; ;dfhdf /fd|/L ;dfof]hg ug{ ;kmn xG5g\ . To;}u/L olb
s'g} JolQmn] oL b'O{ lar ;dfof]hg ug{ ;s]g eg]
dgf];fdflhs ;d:of pTkGg xG5 cyjf ;dfhsf] Jojxf/ jf
lqmofsnfkn] JolQmsf] dgdf gsf/fTds c;/
kg{ uO{ p;sf] ;f]rfO{ , wf/0ff / ljrf/df kljt{g eO{ b}lgs
s[ofsnfkdf afwf ug]{ u/L ljleGg
08/26/2020
c:jfefljs Jojxf/ 6
dgf];fdflhs ;d:of
AolQmsf] dg tyf ;dfh lar x'g] lg/Gt/ cGtls|ofn] dflg;nfO{
:jefljs ?kdf k|efj kb{5 . o; cGt{ls|ofdf zGt'ng gcfPdf
AolQmdf laleGg ;fdflhs / ;+j]ufTds ;d:of cfpg] ub{5
h;nfO{ dgf];fdflhs ;d:of elgG5 .
dgf];fdflhs ;d:ofn] dflg;sf] b}lgs ls|ofsnfk / c?;Fusf]
;DaGwdf afwf k'¥ofpF5 .
o:tf ;d:of / afwfn] dflg;df k'g M gsf/fTds efjgf, ;f]rfO{,
wf/0ff / Joxf/df kl/jt{g Nofpg] ub{5 .
;d:ofx? Df\flg;sf] dgdf / p;sf] ;fdflhs ;DaGwdf x'g]
ePsf]n] o;nfO{ dgf];fdflhs ;d:of elgG5 .
dgf];fdflhs ;d:ofsf] ;'?jft dflg;sf] dg JolQmTj / ;fdflhs
tgfjn] klg x'g ;Sb5 .
dgf];fdflhs ;d:of ;a} ju{,hftL, wd{,;+:s[lt ckgfpg] dflg;x?
nfO{ klg x'g ;S5 .  08/26/2020 7
dgf];fdflhs ;d:ofsf sf/0fx? M
k|fs[lts k|sf]k h:t} e'sDk ,af9L, klx/f], cfunfuL
oftgf
4Gb
bL3{ /f]u
e]befj ,dfgj a]rlavg, bfOhf] k|yf , ul/la
kl/jf/af6 5'l§g], em} emu8f, a}b]lzs /f]huf/L
3/]n' lx+;f , of}g b'Ao{xf/,
b'3{6gf
c?sf] l;sfO{

08/26/2020 8
dgf];fdflhs ;d:of sf nIf0f
Dfgdf z/L/df Jojxf/df ;DaGwdf
lrGtf nfUg], z/L/ ef/L ux| 56k6L x'g], t; ;DaGw
lk/ nfUg], Fuf] ePsf] {g], 8/fpg], lau|g],
b'Mv nfUg], l/; dxz'z, nuftf/ k]6 /f]O/xg], s;};Fu cgfjZos
p7\g], / 6fpsf] gaf]Ng], PSn} jfbljjfb ug]
PSnf]kgfsf] b'Vg],vfgf vfg a:g], cfs|ds {
dxz';, 8/ nfUg' dg gnfUg], Aojxf/, lh4Lkgf,
lbSs nfUg, afGtf ug]{, kl/jf/b]vL 6f9f
Wofg s]lGb|t lgGb|f gnfUg], a:g], c?
Ufg{ g;Sg', lr6lr6 nfO{ laZjf; gug]
cndNn kl;gcfpg], { z+sfn' x'g'
kg'{,;w} emsf] d'6'sf] w8\sg
{ dflg/xg' a8\g],
 36gfsf] l/+u6fnfUg',
ememNsf] l566} ylst dxz';
08/26/2020 9
Dfgf];fdflhs ;d:of jf efjgfx? JoQm ug]{ tl/sf M
JolQm b'vL ePsf] ;dodf cfkmgf] dgsf efjgfx? km/s tl/sfn]
cleJoQm ug]{ u/]sf] x'G5 . olb sf]xL JolQmn] dgsf
efjgfx? c;fdfGo tl/sfn] kf]vL /x]sf] 5 eg] ltgsf dgdf s]xL
sl7gfO{ ePsf] 5 eg]/ a'emg] cwf/ x'g ;S5 . dgf];fdflhs
;d:ofnfO{ a'emg, ;d'bfodf ;d:ofx?nfO{ JoQm ug]{ df}lns
z}ln a'Emg h?/L x'G5 .
dg et\et\ kf]N5
6fpsf] tfltG5
cfTdf ?G5
lbSs jf la/Qm nfU5
g/dfO{nf] nfU5
hLp l;l/Ë x'G5, ef/L x'G5, uN5, emlGsG5
d'6' kf]N5
dg lr;f] x'G5 08/26/2020 10
lhp ef/L xG5
lhp uN5
5ftL kf]n]sf] h:tf] x'G5
5ftL lyr]sf] x'G5
ef}uf]lnstf , ;dfh , ;+:s[lt / ;d'bfo cg';f/
;d:ofnfO{ JoQm ug]{ tl/sfx? km/s km/s x'G5g\
.
Dffly pNn]v ul/Psf s'g} klg ;d:of s;}n] JoQm
u/]df pQm JolQmnfO{ dgf];fdflhs ;d:of
x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . To;}n] JolQm s:tf]
7fFpdf s'g ;d'bfodf x's]{sf] 5 ;d:ofnfO{ p;n]
s;/L k|:t't ub{5 ,tL s'/fx? Kflg a'em]sf] v08df
08/26/2020 11
 dgf];fdflhs ;d:ofaf/] unt wf/0ff

dgf];fdflhs ;d:ofsf] laifodf ;dfhdf cem}klg w]/}

unt wf/0ffx? oyfjt} sfod /x]sf 5g\,h;sf sf/0f
dgf];fdflhs ;d:of sd x'g'sf] ;6\6f emg\ emg\ ljsf/fn
x'Fb} uPsf] b]lvG5 . o; k|sf/sf ;d:ofn] JolQm dfgl;s
;Gt'ng u'dfpg] / d'To"sf] d'vdf k'Ug] pbfx/0f xfd|
f] ;dfhdf oqtq 5 . dgf];fdflhs ;d:ofdf k/]sf]
dflg;nfO{ lbdfu v':s]sf] ,ax'nf jf kfunsf] ;+1f lbg]
tyf o;/L dgf];fdflhs ;d:of b]lvPsf JolQmx? af/]
ljleGg ?9LjfbL cGwljZjf;sf] wf/0ff /fvL 7Ls
t/Lsfn] pkrf/ gu{gf sf sf/0f ;d:of aNemFb} uP/ ;f]
JolQmn] cfTdxTof ug]{ r/dljGb';Dd klg k'Ug ;Sb5
.
cGwljZjf;x? M wd{sf] v]n, k"j{ hGdsf] kfk kmn,
08/26/2020 12
kfunkgfsf] ;+1f lbg] M dgdf k/]sf] rf]6, lk8f, c;lhnfx?
nfO{ JoQm ubf{ ;dfhn] p;nfO{ kfun eof] eGg ;'? ug]{ u/]sf]
kfOG5 . dgf];fdflhs ;d:ofnfO{ kfun ePsf] eGg] sf/0fn] ubf{
;d:ofdf k/]sf] JolQmn] cfkm'nfO{ k/]sf] ;d:of JoQm ug{
;Sb}g , h;sf sf/0f ;d:of cem hl6n x'G5 .
lgsf] gx'g] /f]u M sltko dflg;n] dgf];fdflhs ;d:ofnfO{ c?
nfO{ eGbf a9\g] /f]u / lgsf] gx'g] /f]usf] ?kdf lng] u/]sf] kfOG5
. of] klg ;d:of xf] / < egL cfkm} / c?dfly klg k|Zg ug]{ k|rng 5 .
JolQmn] dgsf] ;d:of eGg g;s]sf sf/0f zf/Ll/s l;sfotsf ?kdf
;d:ofx?kf]lv/x]sf] x'G5 . oL eg]sf dgf]j}1flgs tyf dgsf ;d:ofx?
x'g\ . ;lx ;dodf ,;lx JolQmsf] ;xof]u kfPsf] v08df
JolQmnfO{ dgf];fdflhs ;d:ofaf6 aflx/ lg:sg ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
xfdLn] of] a'emg h?/L 5 ls xfd|f] ;dfhdf rnL cfPsf] unt wf/0ffx?
nfO{ d]6fpgsf] nflu xfdL cfkm}n] klg ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0f
/fVg] / ;f]xL cg';f/ Jojxf/ ug]{ tyf lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfng ug]{ ug'{
kb{5 . ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ lalw af/] xfdL 5nkmn ug]{ 5f} .
xfdLn] a]n}df AolQmsf] cj:yf cg';f/ dgf]ljdz{ ;]jf k|bfg u/]df jf
pkrf/ u/]df of] ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g08/26/2020
;Sb5 . 13
JolQmnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] s]xL ;fdflhs pvfgx?
sf] k|of]u u/]/
b'Mv afF8\of] eg] 36\5 l/;n] cfkm' d5{,v'zLn]
, ;'v afF8\of] eg] a9\5 . c? .
lk7o"Fsf] ef/L ux|f}F k|fs[lts?kn] ;a}
eof] eg] la;fpg' k5{ JolQm /fd|f x'G5g\ .
,dgsf] ef/L ux|f}+ eof] afFlrof] eg] ;+;f/
eg] af]Ng' k5{ . b]lvG5 .
dg} pHofnf] t ;+;f/} dgsf] ax ljZjf; nfUg]
pHofnf] . JolQmnfO{ sx
hlt dgnfO{ v'DRofof]
Tolt ufx|f] agfof] , hlt
dgnfO{ v'nfof] plt
xn'+uf] eof] .
lrtfdf d/]kl5 hnfOG5
0 14
8
 dgf];fdflhs ;d:of ;fdgf ug]{ ljlwx? ckgfP/
;fdfgf eg]sf] s] xf] <
s'g} klg JolQmn] ;d:of ;+u h'Wg jf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ckgfpg]
Jojxf/nfO{ ;fdgf elgG5 . x/]s JolQmsf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf km/s km/s
x'G5 .
dgf];fdflhs ;d:of ePdf sltko cj:yfdf ;d:ofaf6 cnu /xg JolQm :jo+dn]
lgDg pkfox? ckgfpg ;Sb5 eGg] af/] JolQmnfO{ /fd|f];+u a'emfP/
M
cfkm'nfO{ s] eO{/x]sf] 5 eGg] af/] /fd|f];+u Wofg lbg'kb{5 .
dg ldNg] jf cfkm'nfO{ ljZjf; nfUg] JolQm ;flyefO{ jf cfkmGt
;Fu cfkmgf] ;d:of jf sl7gfOx?sf] af/]df s'/fsfgL ug]{ ug'{ kb{5 .
PSn} ga:g] / ;d'xdf 3'nldn x'g] ug'{ kb{5 .
cfkm"df ePsf] ;sf/fTds s'/fx? -;Lk ,1fg_ cflb nfO{ ;Demg] / tL
lqmofsnfkx? ug]{ ug'{ kb{5 .
cfkmgf] zf/Ll/s ;/;kmfO{ , vfgkfgdf Wofg lbg] / k|z:t cf/fd ug]
{ ug'{ kb{5 .
08/26/2020 15
cfkmgf] ljZjf; cg';f/sf] Wofg ,k"hfkf7 ,kfy{gf
ug]{ ug'{ kb{5 .
Jofofd ,of]u ,s;/t cflb ug]{ ug'{ kb{5 .
dgf]/~hgfTds lqmofsnfkx?df ;xefuL x'g] –
pbfx/0fsf] nflu cfkmgf] OR5f / ?rL cg';f/
lkmNd x]g]{ ,3'Dg hfg] jf laleGg v]nx?
v]Ng]_ jf cfkmgf] ;d'bfodf x'g] ljleGg
dgf]/~hgfTds lqmofsnfk - h:t} d]nfx? ,
;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd _ df efu lng] ug'{ kb{5 cflb .

08/26/2020 16
 dgf]ljdz{ eg]sf] s] xf] <
dflg;nfO{ ;fdflhs/0fsf] ;dodf ljleGg sl7g cj:yfx?
cfpF5g\ ,h;n] ubf{ pgLx?sf] hLjgdf ljleGg ;d:ofx?
b]vf kb{5g\ . o;/L ;d:ofdf /x]sf] dflg;sf] ljßdfg
c;'ljwf, sl7gfO{ jf Joaxf/df kl/jt{g Nofpg , ;'wf/
ug{ jf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] pb]Zon]
;d:of ePsf] JolQm / dgf]ljdz{stf{ aLr x'g] of]hgfa4
5nkmn jf s'/fsfgL g} dgf]ljdz{ xf] .
o; k|lqmofn] ljutdf pkof]uL l;4 ePsf ;fdgf ug]
{ pkfox? kQf nufO{ ljßdfg cj:yfdf JolQmsf] ;d:of
jf cj:yfdf kl/jt{g Nofpgsf tL pkfo jf Joaxf/x?
nfO{ s;/L k"g k|of]u ug]{ jf gofF pkfo lgdf0f{ ug]{
eGg] af/]df ;]jfu|flxnfO{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
08/26/2020 17
dgf]ljddz{n] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug'{sf] ;fy;fy} ;]jfu|
flxnfO{ cfTdlge{/ / cfTdk|]l/t agfO{ p;sf] JolQmut
– efjgfTds / af}l4s _ Pj+ ;fdflhs ljsf;df ;xof]u
k'¥ofpF5 .
dgf]ljdz{ s] ul/b}g <
cfb]z jf cf1f lbg]
;Nnfx jf ;'emfj lbg]
lgb]{zg lbg]
l7s a]l7s 5'6\ofpg]
cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{
;]jfu|flxsf] nflu lg0f{o ul/lbg]
gLltlgod tyf g}ltstfsf] kf7 l;sfpg]
;xfg'e"lt lbg]
08/26/2020 18
 dgf]ljdz{ lsg M
 dgf];fdflhs ;d:of Go"lgs/0f ug{ jf ;dfwfg ug{
 s'g} klg Jojxf/ efjgfx?af6 ;+rflnt x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf cfwfl/t
eO{ dgf]ljdz{af6 gsf/fTds Jojxf/nfO{ ;sf/fTds tkm{ Nofpg
 dgf]ljdz{sf] ;xof]un] JolQm ,afnaflnsfx? dfgl;s ?kdf :j:y /xL
cfkmgf] b}lgs hLjg ;'rf? ?kdf rnfpg
 dgf]ljdz{ efjgf,ljrf/ ,;+j]u / ;f]rfOdf s]lGb|t x'g] x'gfn]
JolQm afnaflnssf] efjgfTds cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{
 o;n] ;]jfu|flxnfO{ cfkmgf] ;d:of cfkm} kQf nufO{ To;sf]
;dfwfgsf pkfo kQf nufpg p;}nfO{ ;xof]u / k|f]T;fxg lbO{
;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg .
 gf]6 M dgf]ljdz{ dgf];fdflhs ;d:of ;DaGwL ;fdfGo hfgsf/L
jf 1fg ePsf] hf] ;'s} JolQmn] ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] wf/0ff ;/f;/ unt
xf] . o;sf] nflu $ b]vL ^ dlxg] dgf];fdflhs dgf]ljdz{ tflnd
kfPsf JolQm,dfgl;s lrlsT;s / dgf]lj1 sf] cfjZostf kb{5 h;n] o;
ljifoa:t' ;DaGwL 1fg ;+u} k|of]ufTds
08/26/2020 cEof; 19
 Dfgf];fdflhs ;d:of
JolQm

ljrf/,wf/0ff, efjgf lazjf; ;fdfhLs,k/Dk/f,dNo dfGotf

Kl/0ffd

;sf/fTds Gfsf/fTds
:jefljs b}lgs lqmofsnfk ;d:ofsf] cj:yf
;fdfgf ug]{ Jojxf/,k"jf{j:yf u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf,
;fdfhLs ;xof]u,JolQmut Ifdtf

;d:of ;dfwfg Dfgf];fdfhLs ;d:of

Dfgf];fdfhLs dgf]ljdz{
olb ;d:of ;dfwfg gePdf
dgf]lrlsT;ssf] ;xof]u
08/26/2020 20
08/26/2020 21
08/26/2020 22