CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS

MARKET
SURVEY
TOPIC : FERROUS
PRODUCTS
SUNMITTED BY:
SAURABH BAUNTHIYAL
SHIVAM AGGARWAL
SIMMI BANSAL
SHINALI KAPOOR
SHIVANI KULSHRESTHA
SHIVANGI GUPTA
IRON
SIMMI BANSAL
 IRON –
Iron is a naturally occuring substance
extracted from iron ores.
IRON ORE-
Iron ores are compounds of iron with non-metallic
elements which contains impurities such as carbon , manganese etc.
 PIG IRON
When Iron is
extracted from its
ores such as
Haematite , limonite ,
Magnetite , Pyrite and
Siderite ; the iron so
formed is impure and
crude. This impure
and crude iron is
known as pig iron.
 MANUFACTU
RE
OF
Calcination
Dressing
PIG IRON
and
Roasting
Smelting
1- Dressing of Iron Ores-
• In this process, the dressing of iron ores is done. The ores which are obtained from mines
are crushed into the size of 25mm diameter.
• The crushing of ores is done so that the ore particles obtained are of equal size and to
reduce the gases which have been penetrated in the ores.
• Incase if the ores contains clay , loam or any other earthy material , they are washed in a
stream first.

2- Calcination and Roasting of Iron ores-

• Once the iron ores are properly dressed, they undergoes calcination. Calcination is done
to oxidise the Iron ores in the presence of air and to remove water and carbondioxide.
• Sometimes the ores contains some amount of sulphur in it , thus to remove sulphur and
to make the ore hot and dry, Roasting of the iron ores is done. In case the ore is an oxide
, it does not need any roasting.

3- Smelting-
• Smelting is the process of separating metal from its ore by melting the ore. This
process is carried out in blast furnace.
 WORKING OF BLAST FURNACE
i. Raw materials consist of iron ores , fluxing materials, and
fuel. Fluxing materials helps in mixing the impurities
present in the iron ore to form a fusible slag. Limestone
is used as the most common fluxing material.
ii. Mixture of raw materials is prepared in a fixed
proportion. This mixture is then allowed to come to the
lower part through throat of the blast furnace.
iii. A blast of hot air is blowed through tuyeres. A high temp
of 1500°C to 1900°C is obtained in the lower part of the
furnace.
iv. The raw material melts and the iron thus formed collects
in the lower part of the hearth furnace and the slag
formed gets collect in the upper part of the blast furnace.
v. The hot gases escape out through the outlet provided in
the upper portion of the blast furnace.
vi. The slag obtained is removed after two hours and the pig
iron formed is removed after four hours from the outlet.
vii. The pig iron so obtained contains 95% of iron and about 4
to 5% of carbon.
PROPERTIES OF PIG IRON-
i. It can be hardened but not tempered.
ii. It cannot be magnetised.
iii. It cannot be welded or riveted.
iv. It does not rust.
v. It is difficult to bend.
vi. It is hard and brittle.
vii. It is neither ductile nor malleable.
viii. It melts easily and its fusion temperature is 1200°C.
ix. It posesses high compression strength but weak in tension and shear.

APPLICATIONS OF PIG IRON –

i. Used in metallurgy.
ii. Used in manufacturing of steel.

LIMITATIONS OF PIG IRON-

iii. Cant be used directly as it is hard and brittle.
iv. Neither melleable nor ductile.
v. It is not a saleable product.
 CAST IRON
• Cast iron is manufactured by remelting
• pig iron with coke and limestone.
• It contains 2to 4 % of carbon.

MANUFACTURING OF CAST IRON-

i. Cupola furnace is same as the blast furnace but it is
ii. Cylindrical in shape and smaller in diameter as
Compared to blast furnace.
iii. The raw material is poured from the top of the furnace
Which is open.
Iv .The blast of air is fired through tuyeres.
V .The impurities of pig iron is removed by oxidation .
vi. The molten iron is taken out from the bottom of the
Furnace.
COMPOSITION OF CAST IRON-
CARBON – 2to4%
MANGANESE- 0.75% or more makes the cast-iron brittle and hard.
PHOSPHORUS- 1to 1.5%, increases the fluidity of cast iron.
SILICON – less than 2.5%, removes graphite from carbon.
SULPHUR – below 0.10% ,

PROPERTIES OF CAST IRON-

i. If placed in salt water, becomes soft.
ii. Can be hardened by heating and sudden cooling.
iii. It does not rust easily.
iv. It is strong in compression.

LIMITATIONS OF CAST IRON –

v. It is hard and brittle.
vi. Weak in tension.
vii. It is not ductile.
viii. Lacks of plasticity.
Two pieces of cast iron cannot be joined by welding and riveting.
USES OF CAST IRON
i. Used in making cisterns, water pipes, gas pipes, sewers, manhole covers and sanitary
fittings.
ii. For making ornamental castings such as bracket, gates, lamp posts, spiral staircases etc.
iii. For making machinery parts.
iv. For manufacturing compression members like columns in building, bases of columns
etc.

Spiral Staircase Lamp post Column Base

 Sanitary Fittings
Cast Iron Gate

Cast Iron Brackets Cast Iron Railings

 CLASSIFICATION OF CAST
IRON-
• Grey cast iron-
• White cast iron-
• Malleable cast iron-
• Spheroidal graphite iron or ductile iron-
• Mottled cast iron-
• Toughened cast iron-
• Chilled cast iron-
WROUGHT IRON
• Wrought iron is the purest form of iron which hardly contains carbon more than
0.15% .

MANUFACTURING OF WROUGHT IRON-

The manufacturing of wrought iron involves four steps-
1. Refining
2. Puddling
3. Shingling
4. Rolling

5. Refining
Oxidising of cast iron and casting them into moulds to make them cool and brittle.
This is known as refined pig-iron.

2. Puddling
The conversion of pig-iron into wrought- iron by stirring in a molten state is known
as the puddling.
i. Puddling is carried out In reverbatory furnace.
ii. A reverbatory or pudding furnace is of
rectangular in shape. It is built with refractory
materials such as fire- bricks. The combustion
chamber and chimney are located in opposite
ends.
iii. The grating is provided in combustion chamber
to collect ash in the ash pit.
iv. The hearth consists of molten slag or rich iron
ore.
v. The various openings for fuel feeding, working
and slag removal are provided.
vi. The refined pig iron is broken into lumps and it is
melted in hearth.
vii. During the process of puddling, most of the
carbon content and other impurities of pig-iron
are oxidised.
viii. Slag is removed through slag removal door.
ix. The purified iron are in the form of white spongy
iron balls known as puddle balls.
SHINGLING-
3. The removal bof slag from puddle balls by power
hammering or passing the balls through squeezing
machine. Shingling also helps in binding or welding
different particles of puddle balls. The material
obtained at the end of shingling is known as bloom.

ROLLING –
4. The bloom is passed through groove rollers and flat
bars are obtained which are of poor quality. To improve
the quality of wrought iron these bars are tied together
by wires and they are heated and rolled again. This
process is repeated several times to get wrought iron of
desired quality.
PROPERTIES OF WROUGHT IRON-

i. Becomes soft on white heat.

ii. Can be easily forged and welded.
iii. Can be used to form temporary magnets.
iv. It is ductile, malleable and tough.
v. It is moderately elastic.
vi. It resists corrosion in a better way.
vii. Have good compressive and tensile strength.
viii. High melting point.

USES OF WROUGHT IRON-

ix. Used in manufacturing of steel.
x. Used in making nuts and bolts, horse shoe bars, handrails, roofing sheets.
xi. Used in ornamental iron work.
xii. Used in railway couplings, water and stream pipes.
 Nuts And Bolts

Horse shoe Bars

Roofing Sheets
Some more products manufactured from iron
MILD
STEEL
SHIVANGI GUPTA
 FERROUS METAL
FERROUS METALS INCLUDE ALL
FORMS OF IRON AND STEEL
ALLOYS.
FEW EXAMPLES INCLUDE :
WROUGHT IRON
CAST IRON
LOW CARBON STEELS
MEDIUM CARBON STEELS
HIGH CARBON STEEL
MILD STEELS
STAINLESS STEEL
ALLOYS STEELS
TOOL STEELS
 MILD STEEL
DEFINATION
• Mild steel is a type of carbon steel with a low
amount of carbon – it is actually also known as
“low carbon steel.” 
PROPERTIES
• THE MOST COMMON FORM OF STEEL AS IT
PROVIDES MATERIAL PROPERTIES THAT ARE
ACCEPTABLE FOR MANY APPLICATIONS.
• MILD STEEL HAS MEDIUM CARBON CONTENT OF
0.25% ,SULPHUR IS 0.055% AND PHOSPHOROUS IS
0.055%
•MILD STEEL :
CARBON CONTENT-0.25%
SULPHUR -0.555%
PHOSHOROUS -0.555%
THEY ARE LESS DUCTILE AND STRONGER
THAN LOW CARBON STEELS
HEAT TREATABLE
(AUSTENITIZING,QUENCHING AND
TEMPERING)
HARDENING IS INCREASED BY ADDIND Ni,
Cr, Mo.
CORRODES QUICKLY
EASILY FORGED, WEILDED AND RIVETED
NOT MUCH AFFECTED BY SALINE WATER.
 VARIETY OF MS STEEL
MILD STEEL SHEETS:1
M.S. Sheets and mild steel sheets are used for structural,
mechanical and general engineering purpose.
M.S. sheets and mild steel sheets are available in
different grades, thickness, length and weight as per the
requirements of the clients.

Plain sheet
PLAIN
SHEET SIZE
 

Galvanized Plain Sheet are available in thickness from

0.15 mm to 1.60 mm of all the major brands and
company.
 MANUFACTURING PROCESS
 Steel are fed into the a rolling furnace along with
chromium and nickel for added strength and rust
proofing
 Enormous electrode heat the mix to melting point
creating a dramatic firework display
 After several hours the molten mix goes into a
refining furnace
 Argon and oxygen gas some impurities to gas
 Steel goes to refining furnace, roller guided as it
cast long ribbon of steel , they are cut into slabs
 Slabs are reheated to soften them
 Slabs are again send to roller than stretched longer
and thinner
 Water spray cools the steel little but not too much
because it has to be flexible enough to be folded
into coils or sheet rolls
 APPLICATION
• AC ducts
• coolers
• storage bins
• auto sector
• trunk
• bucket
• ice box
• Roofing etc…
 ADVANTAGES
• LOW COST
• LESS MAINTENANCE COST
• LONG LIFE
• RELIABILITY
• TOUGHEST COATING
• AESTHETICALLY PLEASING
 CORRUGATED SHEETS
•  Corrugated Sheets are
manufactured using best
grade steel and is widely
applied in construction
industry.
• These sheets can remove
disposal and tear-off coats
when installed over shingles.
• Ideal in extreme humidity,
heat, wind and precipitation,
these sheets are widely
demanded in the industry. 
 SIZES
• THICKNESS
• O.11-O.88MM
• CORRUGATED 665-
1000MM
• LENGTH 1600 MM-
4500MM
 ADVANTAGES
•Dimensional accuracy
•Elegant look
•Reliability
•Longer service life
•Aesthetic design
•Easy to maintain
•High Strength
•Excellent Durability
 APPLICATIONS
• Large shopping malls
• Industrial facilities
• Hotels
• Restaurant
• Resorts
• Farm buildings
• Office buildings
• Sports facilities

•OVER RADIATIORS
•WALLS
•PANELLING,SCREENS ETC
MANUFACTURING
PROCESS
INSTALLATION PROCESS
ADDING FLASHES
 FLAT BARS
  flat bar made from alloy, steel,
aluminum, brass, tool steel, and more.
 It is broadly used for industrial tools,
mechanical parts, structure
construction, base plates, ornamental
fence construction, and more.
 SIZES
• FLAT BARS ARE GENERALLY
AVAILABLE IN SUITABLE
WIDTHS VARYING FROM 10MM
TO 400 MM
• GENERALLY AVAILABLE IARE
3MM TO 40 MM

• USES
• FRAMEWORK CONSTRUCTION
• RENEWABLE ENERGY
• general fabrication and repairs
• agricultural implements and
transportation equipment.
• It is easy to weld, cut, form, and
machine frequently used in
framework, braces, supports,
plates and straps
 ROUND BARS
USES
• Round bar is commonly used to
separate mesh in concrete slabs and
is used in a range of commercial and
infrastructure applications.
• Round bar has a range of
applications from reinforced
concrete piers, bored piles, footings,
walls, beams, columns, slabs, and
precast products.
• Round bar is a Class N (normal
ductility) bar and is available in 250
MPa for diameters 10 mm - 36 mm.
 SQUARE BARS
• MS Square Bars are used in cranes gantry,
bullock carts axles, conveyors, truck trailers
and tippers, bright bars, anchor bolts and
many more engineering industries.
MANUFACTURING
PROCESS
STEEL
MAKING

HOT ROLLING
 MANUFACTURS
• SUBHASH ABHISHEK STEELS PRIVATE LIMITED
• RATE: RS 35000/TON
• PH STEELS
• RATE: RS 32000/TON
• SARAN IRON AND STEEL CO.
• RATE: RS 40000/TON
• JSW TMT
• RATE:10MM@38500
STEEL
SAURABH BAUNTHIYAL

ANGLES
 WHAT IS STEEL
ANGLES
Steel ?
angle, also named angle iron,
or steel angle bar, is basically
manufactured by hot-rolled carbon
steel or high strength low alloy steel. It
has L-cross shaped section with two
legs - equal or unequal and the angle
would be 90 degree.
TYPES OF STEEL
ANGLES
 USE OF EQUALE AND
UNEQUALE STEEL ANGLES
• Equal angle steel is widely used in engineering
structures, such as bridges, towers, and ships.

• Unequal angle steel is widely used in all kinds of

structure, civil and military industries, such as industrial
beams, industrial furnace, reaction tower, container
frame, because of its use for less than the unilateral
angle, so the relative price slightly higher.
 CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL
ANGLES
ACCORDING TO THE SURFACE
3 TYPESTREATMENTS
OF STEEL
ANGLES:
•BLACK STEEL ANGLES
•HOT-DIP ANGLES
•PAINTED
APPLICATION OR STEEL
ANGLES
• Used in framing
• For reinforcement
• In brackets
• Used in transmission towers
• Bridges
• Lifting and transporting
machinery
• Reactors
• Vessels
• Warehouses
• Industrial boilers
.
 APPLICATI
ONSTRUCTURAL FACTORS 
SUPPORTING
bridges, warehouses, cable towers, power towers,
communication towers, equipment, Trusses ,etc.

EVERYDAY LIFE USES 

bed frames, chairs, benches, fencing posts, frames
for supporting air conditioner, coffee tables and so
on.
RS
SECTIONS
•I-BEAM
•CHANNELS
•TEE
 TEE
A Structural shape made by cutting a
wide-flange beam or I-beam in half.

I-BEAM
 an iron or steel beam that is
I-shaped in cross section

CHANNELS
The structural channel, also known
as a C-beam, is a type of (usually
structural steel) beam, used
primarily in building construction
and civil engineering.
 USE OF I-BEAM
Steel beams are extremely crucial and necessary for
the construction any building or structure, such as
bridges, etc. They come in a wide range of sizes and
shapes. ... Any supportive structural item that spans
an area and is designed to support a load is broadly
termed as 'steel beam'.
 USES OF CHANNELS

The structural channel, also known as a C-

beam, is a type of (usually structural steel)
beam, used primarily in building
construction and civil engineering.

.
 USE OF T-BEAM

A T-beam (or tee beam[), used in construction, is a load-

bearing structure of reinforced concrete, wood or metal,
with a t-shaped cross section. The top of the t-shaped cross
section serves as a flange or compression member in
resisting compressive stresses. The web (vertical section) of
the beam below the compression flange serves to
resist shear stress and to provide greater separation for the
coupled forces of bending.
The T-beam has a big disadvantage compared to an I-
beam because it has no bottom flange with which to deal
with tensile forces. One way to make a T-beam more efficient
structurally is to use an inverted T-beam with a floor slab
or bridge deck joining the tops of the beams. Done properly,
the slab acts as the compression flange
 MERITS
Structural steel sections are usually used for construction of buildings,
buildings, and transmission line towers (TLT), industrial sheds and structures
etc. They also find in manufacturing of automotive vehicles, ships etc. Steel
exhibits desirable physical properties that make it one of the most versatile
structural materials in use. Its great strength, uniformity, light weight, easy of
use, and many other desirable properties makes it the material of choice for
numerous structures such as steel bridges, high rise buildings, towers, and
other structure.

Elasticity: steel follows hooks law very accurately.

Ductility: A very desirable of property of steel, in which steel can withstand

extensive deformation without failure under high tensile stresses, i:e., it gives
warning before failure takes place.

Toughness: Steel has both strength and ductility.

 DEMERI
TS
Maintenance cost:
Steel structures are susceptible to corrosion when exposed to air.

Fire proofing cost:

steel is an incombustible material; however, its strength is
reduced tremendously at high temperature due to common

steel columns sometimes cannot provide the necessary strength

because of buckling, where as RCC columns generally sturdy and
massive, i:e., no buckling problem occurs.
 HOLLOW
TUBULAR SECTIONS
SHINALI KAPOOR
 DEFINITION
HOLLOW TUBULAR SECTIONS , ALSO KNOWN
AS HOLLOW STRUCTURAL SECTIONS (H.S.S)
ARE A TYPE OF METAL PROFILE WITH
HOLLOW TUBULAR CROSS SECTION
 TYPES OF HOLLOW
TUBULAR SECTIONS
1.CIRCULAR HOLLOW SECTION ( 20 mm < d < 1200 mm)
2.SQUARE HOLLOW SECTION (40 mm < b < 400 mm )
3.RECTANGULAR HOLLOW SECTION ( 50 mm < h < 500
mm )
4.OTHERS- ELLIPTICAL HOLLOW SECTIONS
 MANUFACTURING
PROCESS
MANUFACTURING IS BASICALLY DONE BY FOLLOWING
STEPS
• THESE SECTIONS ARE MANUFACTURED USING THIN
SHEETS OF STEEL,IRON ETC
• SHEETS ARE SENT TO THE CONVEYOR BELTS AND THEN
PRESSED TO FORM THE DESIRED SHAPE BY MACHINES

CIRCULAR TUBE
 MANUFACTURING
PROCESS

SQUARE OR RECTANGULAR SECTION - METHOD 1

SQUARE OR RECTANGULAR SECTION METHOD 2

 MANUFACTURING PROCESS
AFTER PRESSING THE SHEETS , WELDING IS DONE..
THIS CAN AGAIN BE OF TWO TYPES:
• ELECTRIC RESISTANCE WELDING ( E.R.W)
• INDUCTION WELDING
USES AND APPLICATIONS OF HOLLOW TUBULAR
SECTIONS
USES
• RECTANGULAR SECTIONS ARE USED
FOR MAKING WELDED FRAMES
• SQUARE AND CIRCULAR SECTIONS
ARE USED FOR MAKING COLUMNS
• USED FOR MAKING BEAM
• USED FOR ARCHITECTURAL
AESTHETICS
• STRUCTURE AS WELL

APPLICATIONS
• 1.BUILDINGS AND HALLS
(COLUMNS,FRAMES FOR ROOFS)
• 2.DOOR FRAMES AND BARRIERS
• 3. OFFSHORE STRUCTURES-
CRANES,BRIDGES, STADIUMS
• 4.SECONDARY STRUCTURE-
STAIRCASE , LADDER
WELDING
•WELDING IS A FABRICATION OR SCULPTURAL PROCESS THAT JOINS MATERIALS,
USUALLY METALS BY CAUSING FUSION.

•WELDING IS OF TWO TYPES-

• OXY FUEL

1. WELDING

• ELECTRIC
2. RESISTANCE
WELDING
 OXY FUEL WELDING

•OXY FUEL WELDING,(COMMONLY CALLED OXYACETYLENE

WELDING, OXY WELDING , GAS WELDING ) AND OXY FUEL
CUTTING ARE PROCESSES THAT USE FUEL GASES AND
OXYGEN TO CUT AND WELD METALS RESPECTVELY.
 ELECTRIC RESISTANCE WELDING
ELECTRIC RESISTANCE WELDING (ERW) REFERS TO A WELDING PROCESS IN WHICH
THE HEAT TO FORM THE WELD IS GENERATED BY ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE OF
MATERIAL COMBINED WITH THE TIME AND FORCE USE TO HOLD THE MATERIAL
TOGETHER DURING WELDING.
 ADVANTAGES
COST EFFECTIVE IN RELATION TO OTHER BUILDING
MATERIALS
HIGH QUALITY SURFACE FINISH
GOOD APPEARANCE IN EXPOSED APPLICATIONS
REDUCED MAINTAINANCE ,RESIST DRY ROT AND PEST
INTERIOR CAN BE FILLED WITH CONCRETE TO ADD
STRENGTH
 MANUFACTURING
COMPANIES
• MONEY FOCUS INFRASTRUCTURE
PRODUCTS
• PRIVATE LIMITED, BANGALORE
• SURYA ROSHNI LTD. , NEW DELHI
• VISHAL PIPES,PITAMPURA DELHI
• CAPARO ENGINEERING INDIA PVT.
LTD, GREATER NOIDA
• SEVANTIAL AND SONS PVT. LTD,
MAHARASHTRA
• J.B STEEL, MUMBAI
• STEEL SALES
CORPORATION,GUWAHTI ASSAM
 ALLOY
Alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in a certain
fixed composition, where metal is a major
component .
For example :

STEEL BRASS BRONZE

AIM:
 to increase hardness and strength of steel
 prevent corrosion
 improve appearance
 ALLOY

FERROUS ALLOY NON-FERROUS ALLOY

STEEL BRASS BRONZE SOLDER

copper +zinc ) copper +tin) lead + tin )

70% 30% 90% 10%
 BRASS
 Brass is a mixture of copper and zinc .
 Copper is the main component
 copper + zinc
70% 30%

PROPERTIES
 Color of brass vary from reddish brown to silvery
yellow
 brass is stronger and harder than copper
 Not as hard as steel
 Good conductor of heat
 Resistant to corrosion form salt water

USES
 water filter ,screws
 BRONZE
 Bronze is a mixture of copper and tin.
 Copper is the main component
 copper + tin
90% 10%

PROPERTIES
 It is hard and brittle
 Resistant to corrosion

USES
 Used to make statues
 STEEL
SHIVANI KULSHRESTHA
IRON CARBON

STEEL
 STEEL
 STEEL IS AN ALLOY COMPOSED OF IRON
AND CARBON  IN A SPECIFIC RATIO
 IRON IS AN ELEMENT AND IS PRESENT IN A
GREATER QUANTITY
 THE CARBON CONTENT IN STEEL CAN
RANGE FROM 0.1-1.5%, BUT THE MOST
WIDELY USED GRADES OF STEEL CONTAIN
ONLY 0.1-0.25% CARBON.
 STEEL IS USED ON A LARGE SCALE IN THE
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
 Different types of steel are produced according to
the properties required for their application
 various grading systems are used to distinguish
steels based on these properties.
For example, if chromium is added to steel,
stainless steel is the product. It is durable and doesn’t
rust easily.

 According to the American Iron and Steel

Institute(AISI), steel can be broadly categorized into
four groups based on their chemical compositions:
 alloy consisting of iron Alloy steel is
and carbon ,where Stainless steel is
a steel that has
carbon is main element small amounts of a steel alloys
and other elements like one or more alloying which contain
manganese, silicon elements (other than 10.5% chromium
Carbon steels
present in small Alloy steels
carbon) 
percentage
.

Stainless steels
Tool steel refers to
a variety of carbon
and alloy steels that
are particularly well-
suited to be made
into tools
Tool steels
 STAINLESS
 STEEL
Stainless steel is a steel alloys which
contain a minimum of 10.5% chromium.
 Stainless steel doesn’t stain, corrode or
rust as easily as ordinary steel
 The chromium reacts with oxygen in the
air to produce a very thin film on the
surface of the steel.
 The film provides corrosion resistance.
 the layer of chromium seals the base
metal from exposure to atmosphere
 It is self-healing as the chromium
exposed by damage will oxidize to form
new layer
 MANUFACTURING
PROCESS
 Scrap steel are fed into the a rolling furnace along with
chromium and nickel for added strength and rust
proofing
 enormous electrode heat the mix to melting point
creating a dramatic firework display
 After several hours the molten mix goes into a refining
furnace
 Argon and oxygen gas some impurities to gas
 a bit of scrap is added to bulk up the mixture as it
melt ,scrap cause chemical reaction that help fuel the
refiner
 Steel goes to refining furnace, roller guided as it cast
long ribbon of steel , they are cut into slabs
 Slabs are reheated to soften them
 Slabs are again send to roller than stretched longer and
thinner
 Water spray cools the steel little but not too much
because it has to be flexible enough to be folded into
coils or sheet rolls
 TYPES OF STAINLESS STEEL
 Different type of stainless steel are obtained by varying the amount of
chromium ,nickel, manganese and carbon alloy
 Addition of
(i)nickel stabilize austenite structure of iron, make steel non
magnetic and less brittle at low temperature , manganese also do the same
but at low cost
(ii)carbon adds strength and hardens the steel

AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS

MARTENSITIC STAINLESS STEELS

FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS

DUPLEX AND SUPER DUPLEX

STAINLESS STEELS
1. AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS

 comprise 70% of total stainless steel production

 Contain 0,15% of carbon
 minimum 16% chromium
 nickel and/or manganese retain austenitic structure at all temperature

2. MARTENSITIC STAINLESS STEELS

 The high carbon content
 hardened by heat treatment
 They are magnetic and cannot easily be welded.
 cheaper than austenitic steels
 low corrosion resistance
 Strong and tough

3. FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS

 Less ductile than austenitic steels
 comparatively cheap
 cannot be welded in thick sections.
 Highly corrosion resistance to stress than austenitic.
 their use should be restricted to indoor applications.
 They are used for internal shop-fitting.
4.DUPLEX AND SUPER DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS

 mixed austenitic and ferritic microstructure.

 commercially ratio is 40/60 0f austenitic and ferritic respectively
 They are stronger than austenitic steels
 not as easily formed.
 can be welded
 corrosion resistance is better
 Duplex steels are used in the paper, chemical, oil and construction industries
 PROPERTIES

 Higher corrosion resistance.

 Higher toughness.
 Higher work hardening rate.
 Higher strength.
 Higher ductility.
 Higher strength and hardness.
 A more attractive appearance.
 Lower maintenance.
 tension and compression properties.
 APPLICATION
stainless steel being resistance to
corrosion and low maintenance and
relatively low cost is among the
ideal material for commercial
purpose
SHEETS
the alloy is available in the form of
 Coils
 Sheets
 Plates
 Bars
 Wire
 Seamless pipes
 Section

They are used in automotive and

aerospace industry and construction
purpose
I- Beam
Methods of installation

WELDING

RIVETING

BOLTING
 RIVITING
 Rivit is a permanent mechanical joint means it can’t be disassembled without
failure of machine components which are broadly used to join structures
 Rivit is a cylindrical shape joint consisting of two part

 Thus ,the process by which two plates are joint together by use of Revit is
called reviting
 mechanical force applied makes the joint strong and leak proof
• two holes are created in both plates and
the rivet is inserted between these
holes.
• At the other end a force is applied through a
die which deform the tail and form a required
shapes which hold the rivet in the hole 

There are two types of rivet joints.

LAP JOINT

BUTT JOINT:
LAP JOINT
When the plates to be joint, are bring together
which overlap each other at face, and rivet
inserted in overlap section the joint is known
as lap joint.

According to the number of rows of rivets and its

arrangement, this joint is further classified as follow
BUTT JOINT:
In this type of rivet joint both plates are
bring together without overlap each other
and joint are made by use of one or two
cover plate

According to cover plates, number of rows of rivets and

arrangement, this joint is classified as follow.
METAL COATING
SHIVAM AGGARWAL
 METAL COATING

Metallic coating can be applied

over metallic as well as non-
metallic substrates. Sometimes
non-metallic like plastics are coated
to give metallic appearance
 Electroplating
• Electroplating is also known as electro-
chemical plating, is an electrolytic process.
• In this process metal ions in an electrolyte
solution are deposited onto a cathode. In the
electrolytic process, anode is generally made
of metal being plated so it serves as source of
coating metal. Workpiece where coating is to
be applied made as cathode. Direct current
from an external power source is passed
through electrolyte solution.
• The electrolyte is an aqueous solution of acids,
bases or salts. Electrolyte conducts electric
current by the movement of plate metal ions in
solution. For optimum results the parts to be
plated should be chemically cleaned
 USES OF ELECTROPLATING

• improving the appearance of the substrate,

• primary application is to improve the work piece's
resistance to corrosion.
• The plated layer will often serve as a sacrificial
coating, meaning it will dissolve prior to the base
material
 USES OF ELECTROPLATING
• Electroplating is widely used in a industry such
as Automobile,jwellery,toys etc..
• For better appearance and attraction
• To prevent metal object from rust and
corrosion eg-iron plates used in ships
 GALVANISING
Galvanizing is a process by which a layer of zinc is
applied to a ferrous metal to prevent
corrosion. 
 GALVANIZING
THE PROTECTION IN TWO FOLD
• Physical protection from moisture and air
• Electrochemical cathode protection
PLATINA-A layer of zinc oxides,salts,and other compounds
formed when zn reacts with salts and moisture
SPANGLE-snow flake like glitering crystallites on a surface
Annealing is a process of heating metals to above a critical
temperature maintaining a suitable temperature and
then cool it
GALVANNEALING-process of galvanizing
 PLATINA

SPANGLE
 GALVANIZATION
Galvanizing is a electrochemical plating of highly corrosion
resistant material on the surface of another metal. This
technique is widely used to coat zinc over the iron and steel.
Galvanized sheet metals are available in the market for their
commercial use. This technique is very popular and widely
accepted due its effectiveness and economy. A number of
methods can be employed for galvanizing of zinc to the metal
substrate.
METHOD
1.PICKLING(Hcl)
First the rust is romeved from metal
2. running water
for removel of acid from metal
3. water flexing
material applied on metal to make a bonding steel and zinc
4.Drying
drying of metal & removel of water because presence of water make
zinc oxide which is not good for metal
5. Zinc bath
molten zinc applied on metal
6. Quenching
running water increase the hardness of zinc
7.Dichromating
sodium applied on metal.
ADVANTAGE OF GALVANIZED STEEL
• ZINC is extremely durable especially in hard
water where it comes in contact to make a
passive layer of carbonates
• Galvanized surface is scratch resistant
• Appearance that gives aesthetic value to
product
• This is cheaper as there is no artificial heating
and no electric current is required
 APPLICATION
It is extensively used in
• Automobile industry
• Signage
• Electric equipment
• And other industry requiring a metal with
good printability and long reliable service life
SPRAY COATING
SHIVAM AGGARWAL
 Need For Surface Hardening

• Produce surfaces that

– wear only a little,
– resistant to tarnishing and
corrosion,
 Thermal Spray Coating
• A group of coating processes where the coating is
deposited on a prepared substrate by applying a
stream of particles, metallic or nonmetallic, which
flatten more or less forming platelets, called splats,
with several layers of these splats forming the
coating
 Steps In Spray Coating

1. Substrate preparation

2. Generation of the energetic gas flow

3. Particle or wire or rod or cord injection

4. Energetic gas particle or droplet interaction

5. Coating formation
 Thermal Spray Hardening
• Gas Combustion
• Oxy fuel process using
• Wire feed
• Powder feed
• Rod feed
 Wire Processes

•Wire from reel fed to oxyacetylene

flame •Commonly sprayed materials
•Metal droplets atomized by air jets • Zn, Al for corrosion resistance
•Atomized metal spray coats substrate
•Deposition rate: 93m2 per
•hour per 25µm
•Flame temperature: 27600C
 Powder Spray

•Powder feed instead of wire

•Oxyacetylene torch modified for powder feed
•No high pressure air to assist atomization
•Easy method for materials that cannot be made into wire
 Rod Consumable

•Newly designed ones use solid • Al2O3

rod of ceramic • Cr2O3
•Impact velocity: 2.8m/s • Ceramic mixtures
•Rod consumables
 Application of spray coating
• Wear resistant coatings against abrasion
• Corrosion resistant coating
• Heat resistant coating
• Electromagnetic shielding
• Thermal insulation
MANUFACTURING
COMPANY