Fundamental of Soil and Water

Conservation Engineering

BSAG 501
Bsc. Agriculture

By
Er. Amit Talgotra
Assistant Professor
SSCET, Badhani
 BSAG 501 Fundamentals of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering

 Unit I Surveying- survey equipments, chain survey. Plotting procedure.

Calculations of area of regular and irregular fields. Levelling- terminology,
equipments, methods of calculation; types of levelling and contouring.
 Unit II Irrigation- classification of projects, flow irrigation and lift irrigation.
Water sources. Water lifting devices; pumps, their capacity and power
calculations.
 Unit III Irrigation water measurement- weirs, flumes and orifices, Water
conveyance systems- open channel and underground pipeline. Surface, drip and
sprinkler irrigation methods.
 Unit IV Soil and water conservation, soil erosion, types and control measures.
 Unit-1

STUDY AND USE OF SURVEYING AND

LEVELING INSTRUMENTS
 Surveying is defined as the art of determining the relative positions of
various points above, on or below the surface of the earth.

 Objective:
 to prepare a map or plan using the data obtained through the survey. The
collection of data by linear and angular measurements and elevation
difference is called the field work.
 The processing of data plotting and computation of area and volume are
called office work.
Methods of Presenting measurements:-

• Numerically : AB = 260 km (example)

• Graphically : 260 km
A B

• Generally Graphical representation is done

in the from of
𝑜𝑛
• Plan Large scale
𝑜𝑛
• Map Small scale

5
 Use of agricultural survey
Surveying is primarily divided into two types.
(1) Plane surveying
(2) Geodetic surveying
 Plane Surveying Geodetic Surveying

In the Plane Surveying we neglect Geodetic survey is done for large

the effect of Curvature and plotted Area in which effect of Curvature of
Measurements are projected on the Earth surface is considered
Horizontal plane
Area < 195.5 km² Area ≥ 195.5 km²

It is done for local surveys like It is done by Survey of India to

Agricultural survey establish control points which serves
the purpose of reference point for
local surveys
Plane trigonometry Spherical Trigonometry
 Agricultural surveying is the simplest form of plane surveying. With the
use of survey, the boundaries of fields can be correctly located and area
can be accurately computed.
 Land leveling may be perfectly done if the differences in elevations are
known.
 Alignments of canals for irrigation and drainage can be effectively done
by proper surveying. Surveying plays a vital role in soil conservation
measures like contour bunding , construction of farm ponds etc.
 In addition to this, surveying plays a key role in laying underground pipe
line system, alignment of irrigation channels, drainage systems, farm
roads etc

 For linear and angular measurements in the plains, chain, compass and
plane table surveys are used with necessary instruments. To determine the
difference in elevation a dumpy level is used
 The details of instruments used in each survey are given below:

1. Chain survey

a) Chain and Tape

b) Cross Staff
c) Ranging rods
d) Offset Rods
e) Arrows
 2. Compass Survey
i. Prismatic Compass
ii. Chain
iii. Ranging Rods
iv. Offset Rods

4. Leveling
v. Dumpy Level
vi. Tripod Stand
vii. Telescopic Metric Staff
3. Plane Table Survey
i. Plane Table with Tripod Stand
ii. Alidade
iii. Compass
iv. ‘U’ frame with plumb bob
v. Spirit Level
vi. Chain
vii. Ranging Rods
1. Chain Surveying:-
It is simplest type of surveying in which only linear
measurements are done with the help of chain and tape and
no angular measurements are done