1

Surveying ?
and
Levelling ?
Surveying and Levelling
 UNIT -
I
Chain Survey
 What is SURVEYING ?
Surveying is the science / art of determining the
relative position of points on or above or below the
surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect
measurements of distance, direction and elevation.
• Distances : Horizontal and Vertical
• Angles : Horizontal and Vertical

• Measurements (field) -> Computations -> Plans & maps

(office) -> Planning, design & estimation of Engineering
works, Detailed drawings, marking boundaries,
computations of areas & volumes and so on……

5
 Objectives of Surveying
• To take measurements to determine the
relative positions of the existing features on or
near the ground
• To layout or to mark the positions of the
proposed structures (Built objects) on the
ground
• To determine areas, volumes and other related
quantities
• Preparation of plan or map
7
Map – for large area
- Small scale – 1:100, 1:1000
e.g. India map
Represent vertical distances by contours

Plan – for small area

- Large scale – 1:10, 1:20
e.g. plan of a house
Represents horizontal distances
• Surveying may be defined as the process of determination of
the relative location of points on or near the surface of the earth.
• It is the art of measuring horizontal and vertical distances
between objects, of measuring angles between lines, of
determining the direction of lines, and of establishing

points by predetermined angular and linear

measurements. Along with the actual survey
measurements are the mathematical calculations.
Distances, angles, directions, locations, elevations, areas, and
volumes are thus determined from the data of the survey.
 Primary division of Survey

• Plane Surveying: The type of surveying in which the

mean surface of the earth is considered as a plane / flat, or in
which its spheroidal shape is neglected, with regard to
horizontal distances and directions.
Relatively small areas

• Geodetic Surveying: The type of surveying that takes into

account the true shape ( curvature ) of the earth. These
surveys are of high precision.
Extend over large areas
 Primary divisions of surveying

 Plane surveying  Geodetic surveying

11
 Plane surveying
• Curvature of the earth is neglected - assumed
to be flat surface
• Level line - considered straight; Plumb
lines –
parallel; Spherical angles – plane angles
• All distances & horizontal angles are
assumed to be projected onto a horizontal
plane
• Used for relatively smaller areas (less
than 250km2)
• Required accuracy is competitively low 12
 Geodetic surveying
• Curvature of earth is considered
• All lines lying in the surface – curved lines
• The directions of plumb lines at various points are
different
• Angles - spherical angles
• Main object – to determine the precise location of
a system of widely spaced points on the surface
of the earth
• Adopted for relatively larger areas (greater than
250 km2)
• Standard of accuracy is high
• Very refined methods and instruments are used
13
 Classifications
SURVEY

Based upon the nature Based on the objects of

of the field survey survey

Based on the
instruments used
14
 Classifications
A. Based upon the nature of the field survey
1. Land survey
• Topographical survey: horizontal and vertical location
(linear and angular measurements) - natural and artificial
features.
• Cadastral survey: for marking legal boundaries of land -
to fix property lines, subdividing lands into plots, for land
area calculation, to fix boundaries of municipalities and
of state and federal jurisdictions.
• City survey: within city/urban limits for city/urban
planning - for the purpose of construction of streets,
buildings, water supply systems, sewers and other works.
15
2. Marine or hydrographic survey
• Conducted on or near the surface of water body – for
the purpose of navigation, water supply, harbour
works or for determining MSL (Mean Sea Level)
• Consists of topographic survey of shore lines and
banks, estimation of water flow, determination of
shape of areas beneath water surface, fluctuations in
ocean tides
3. Astronomical survey
• Conducted for the determination of latitudes,
longitudes, local time, azimuths, etc. of various places
on earth
• Done by observing heavenly bodies like the sun or
stars 16
B. Based on the object of survey
1. Engineering survey : conducted to collect data for the
designing and planning of engineering works – buildings,
roads, dams, bridges, reservoirs, water supply lines
2. Military survey : for determining the routes and points of
strategic importance
3. Mine survey : for exploring mineral wealth, to determine
the relative positions of shafts, adits (entrance to
underground mine), bore holes, etc. for underground
works
4. Geological survey : for determining different strata in the
earth’s crust
5. Archaeological survey : for unearthing relics of antiquity
17
C. Based on instruments used
1. Chain survey: only linear measurements are made
with a chain or a tape
2. Compass survey: horizontal angles are measured
using magnetic compass, in addition to the linear
measurements with a chain or tape
3. Levelling: used for finding out the difference in
elevations and for finding out elevations of various
points w.r.t some reference datum
4. Plane table survey: a map is prepared in the field
while viewing the terrain after determining the
directions of various lines & taking linear
the measurements with a chain or a tape 18
5. Theodolite survey: for measuring horizontal and
vertical angles
i)Traverse  various stations form a polygon. The
horizontal angles are measured with a theodolite, linear
measurements are made with a tape
ii)Triangulation  the lines form a system of
triangles. Baseline is measured accurately and the lengths
of all other lines are computed from measured angles.

6. Tacheometric survey: using tacheometer (special type

of theodolite) horizontal angles, horizontal distances
and elevations are measured
19
7. Photogrammetric survey: the science of taking
measurements with the help of
(generally taken from an aeroplane)
photographs
Generally used for topographic mapping of vast areas.
Extremely useful for obtaining topographical details of
areas which are difficult to reach.

8. Electro-Magnetic Distance measurement (EDM)

survey: distances are measured with instruments that
rely on propagation, reflection and subsequent
reception of either radio, visible light or infra-red
waves

20
 Principles Of SURVEYING
1. Working from whole to part:
 establishing a large main frame work consisting of
widely spaced control points first -> high accuracy
 then establishing subsidiary small frame works in
between by relatively less accurate surveys -> relatively
lower standard of accuracy
 to prevent accumulation of errors and to control &
localize minor errors
A

D G
E

H
J
F 21
B C
2. Location of a point by measurement from two
points of reference
 Relative positions of the points to be surveyed should
be located by measurement from at least two points
of reference

22
3. Always choose the method of survey that is the
most suitable for the purpose
 desired accuracy is achieved at a minimum cost
4. Always make provisions of adequate checks
 No measurement is dependable  errors in
measurement, recording, computing and plotting
 self-checking
5. Always record field data carefully
 nothing should be left to memory
 Field book -> tables, sketches, description or a
combination of all the three -> clearly written -> safe
custody
 No overwriting is permitted
23
1) Direct method :
Directly stretching the chain/tape or any other instruments
 Different methods of linear measurements
Direct Measurments - Approximate methods:
1) Pacing – measuring by walking
2) Passometer - Instrument
3) Pedometer
4) Odometer
5) Speedometer
6) Taping / Chaining
Different methods of linear measurements

Measuring wheels

Tapes in lengths up to 100 ft

Linear measurements
Direct measurements
 Pacing ( Measuring by walking )
 Passometer (records no. of paces)
 Pedometer (records total distance covered by any no.
of paces)
 Odometer (records no. of revolutions of a wheel)
and speedometer
 Chaining

28
2) Indirect method / Optical method :
Using telescope find some observations - Dumpy level, Theodolite…
Measurement by optical means
 Observations through telescope
 Distances are calculated
 Tacheometry or triangulation

30
3) Electronic methods :
Using electro optical instruments, microwave instruments -Total Station
Electro magnetic methods
 distances are measured with instruments that rely on
propagation, reflection and subsequent reception of either radio,
visible light or infra-red waves

32
 Accuracy of Measurement
• Pacing
– Accuracy 1 : 100
• Taping
– Accuracy 1 : 10,000
• Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)
– Accuracy 1 : 10,000 to 1:100,000
 Direct measurement (Chaining)
Taping or Chaining ( Distance Measuring )
Chaining : Measuring distances either with the help of
a chain or a tape. It is the most accurate method of
making direct measurements.
Taping or Chaining ( Distance Measuring )
• It is a term used to denote measurement of distance with the help
of a chain or tape.

• All standard in lengths

– 100 m, 50m, 30 m, 20 m.

• It is fairly quick, easy and cheap, and hence is the most common
form of distance measurement.

• Unfortunately, chainage is prone to errors and mistakes.

• For high accuracy, steel tape should be used which is graduated

in mm and calibrated under standard temp (20 degree) and
tension (5kg). Be careful, easily break.

• Synthetic tape is more flexible graduated in 10mm

 Chaining - Direct measurement
Chain surveying: Type of surveying in which only
linear measurements are made in the field.

Principle of chain Surveying:

To provide a skeleton or frame work consisting of a
number of connected triangles (to get good
results
in plotting, the framework should consist of
triangles which are as nearly as
equilateral possible).

37
 Basic Definitions
• Main station/Survey station: prominent point on the
chain line and can be either at the beginning or at
the end of the chain line.
- Mutually visible
- Should fall within the boundaries of
property to be surveyed
• Main survey lines: lines joining main survey stations.
- As few as possible, so that frame work can be plotted
conveniently
- Should form well-conditioned triangles
- Should not pass through obstacles
38
• Base line: long survey line runs through the middle
of the area to be surveyed.
- Frame work should have one/two base lines
- If two are used, they must intersect in the form of ‘X’
• Check lines/proof lines: the lines which are run in
the field to check the accuracy of the work
- Each triangle must be provided with sufficient check lines
• Tie lines/Detail lines: the line which joins subsidiary
or tie stations on the main line to locate details of
nearby objects.
- Lines from which offsets are taken should fall close to
the corresponding features
- Also serves the purpose of check line
39
40
 Instruments Used for chaining
1. Chain or tape
2. Arrows
3. Pegs
4. Ranging rods
5. Offset rod
6. Plasterers laths and
whites
7. Plumb bob

41
1. Chain
• Formed of straight links of galvanized MS wire
• Bent into rings – at the ends
• Links are joined by three small circular/oval
wire rings – offer flexibility to chain
• Brass handle with swivel joint – at each end of
the chain

• Length of link – c/c of middle rings

• Length of chain – outer to outer of handle 42
• Various types of chains:

a) Metric chain

b) Gunter’s chain or surveyor’s chain

c) Engineer’s chain

d) Revenue chain

e) Steel band or band chain

43
a) Metric chain
• Generally available in lengths of 5, 10, 20 & 30m
• IS:1492-1970 – requirements of metric chains
• Length of chain will be engraved on both the
handles
• Tallies - at every 1m for 5m & 10m chains
- at every 5m for 20m & 30m chains
(additionally small brass rings at every metre
length)

44
Details of metric chain

To distinguish ‘metric’
chain from non-metric
45
Metric chain
5m, 10m, 20m, 30m

Length of each link = 200mm

For 5m, number of links = 5000 / 200 = 25 links For

5m & 10m chain, for every 1m – brass tallies

For 20m & 30m chain, for every 5m – brass tallies

for every 1m – brass rings

Metric chain

47
Metric chain
b) Gunter’s/Surveyor’s chain
• Length of chain = 66 feet
• Number of links = 100
• Length of each link = 0.66 feet or 7.92 inches
• Originally adopted for convenience in
land measurements
– 10 square chains (i.e., 10 chains X 1 chain) = 1 acre
– 10 chains = 1 furlong
– 80 chains = 1 mile

49
c) Engineer’s chain
• 100ft long and consists of 100 links
• Length of each link = 100 /100 = 1 feet
• Brass tags – at every 10 links
• Distances are recorded in feet and decimals

50
d) Revenue chain
• 33ft long and consists of 16 links
• Length of each link = 33 /16 = 2.0625 feet
• Used mainly for measuring fields in cadastral survey

51
e) Steel band/Band chain
• Consists of long narrow strip of steel, of uniform width
(12 to 16mm) and thickness (0.3 to 0.6mm)
• Available in lengths of 20m & 30m
• Divided by brass studs at every 20cm and numbered at
every metre
• Alternatively, it may have graduations marked in
m, decimetres, cm – one side, 0.2m links – on other
• Steel bands are wound on special steel crosses
or metal reels
• For accuracy, steel band should be preferred over chain
• Disadvantage: Breaks easily & difficult to repair in the
field 52
 Steel Band or
Band Chain

Length – 20m or 30m

Width – 12mm to 16 mm
Thickness – 0.3mm to
0.6mm
53
Tapes
Used for more accurate measurements

54
Types of Tapes :
Based on the material

a) Cloth or linen tape

b) Metallic tape – water proof linen, brass/copper/bronze wires

c) Steel tape – for accurate measurements

d) Invar tape – Nickle 34%, Steel 64%

e) Synthetic tape – glass fibre with PVC coating

f) Plastic composite tape

Cloth or linen tape
• 12 to 15mm wide – closely woven linen
• Light and flexible – used for taking rough
measurements (moisture, stretching, twist, less
strong)
• Available in lengths of 10, 20, 25 and 30m
• Also in 33, 50, 66 and 100ft
• Varnished to resist moisture
• Small brass ring at the end

56
Metallic tape
• Made of varnished strip of waterproof
linen interwoven with small brass/copper/bronze
wires
• Light and flexible
• Available in lengths of 2, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 50m
• Small brass ring + leather/plastic strip (20cm) - at
the end
• Supplied in a metal or leather case fitted
with a winding device

57
Steel tape
• Superior to a cloth/metallic tape
• Consists of a light strip of 6 to 10mm wide
• Available in lengths of 1, 2, 10, 20, 30 and 50m
• Small brass ring + metal strip - at the end
• Supplied in leather or corrosion resisting metal case
• Delicate instrument & is very light
• Should be wiped clean, dried & oiled

58
Invar tape
• Mainly used for linear measurements with high
degree of precision
• Made of alloy of nickel and steel – very
low coefficient of thermal expansion
• More expensive, much softer and are
easily deformed than steel tapes
• Undergoes creep – increase in length, change in
co-eff of thermal expansion
• 6mm wide
• Available in lengths of 20, 30 and 100m
• Kept on reels of large diameter
60
Invar tape

62
2. Arrows or Chain pins / Marking pins
• Inserted after every chain length
• 10 arrows are supplied with a chain
• Made of good quality hardened and
tempered steel wire
• Loop to facilitate carrying
• Length – 25 to 50cm

65
3. Pegs
• To the positions of the
mark
stations or terminal points of
survey line
• Made of timber
• 2.5 or 3cm square
• Length – 15cm, tapered at the end
• Driven with wooden hammer - 4cm
projecting above the surface

66
4. Ranging rod
• Used to range intermediate
points in the survey line
• Made of well seasoned,
straight grained timber
• Length – 2m (more common) or 3m
• Circular or octagonal in c/s – 3cm
• Heavy iron point - bottom
• Alternate bands (20cm deep) – B &
W or R & W or B, R & W
• R, W or Y flag (30-50cm
square) –
for longer distance (200m) 67
Ranging rods
5. Offset rod
• Round, wooden rods similar
to ranging rods – 3m
• Notch/hook for
–
pulling/pushing
through obstructions chain
• the
2 perpendicular narrow slits at
the centre – for aligning offset
line

69
7. Plumb Bob

• To transfer points to the ground,

while chaining along sloping ground
• In addition, used as centering aid in
theodolites, compass, plane table
and others.

71
Plumb bob : for marking intermediate points
Chain or Tape – for measuring
Arrows or chain pins or marking pins – For marking

Ranging rods – Red / black and white bands of 20 cm

For fixing station points and intermediate points
Offset rods – Two slots at right angles to each other – for
setting out perpendicular offsets

Pegs – made up of timber – for permanent marking

Plasterers laths and whites- for marking

intermediate points in
case of
depressions
Plumb bob : for marking
Ranging : The process of fixing or establishing intermediate
points is known as ranging

Ranging out a survey lines

a) Direct ranging
b) Indirect ranging / reciprocal ranging

a) Direct ranging : When both points are intervisible

i) By eye
ii) by line ranger – Square shape with upper prism and lower
prism, handle and hook

b)Indirect ranging / reciprocal ranging :

When both points are not intervisible
a) Direct ranging
 Length AB = 4 x Full tape distance + 1 Short section

REMEMBER ! It works only on smooth ground or uniform slope surfaces

 Taping Procedures
• ranging rods set up between points A and B
• from A to B, set zero of tape at A
• tape unwound towards B
• A third range rod is “ranged” in at C
• Tape straightened, held tight and read at rod
C
• C marked with a pin
• for next bay, tape moved from A and zero
set at C and so on
Indirect ranging or Reciprocal ranging
Chaining on uneven / sloping ground

a) Direct method / stepping method

D = l1 +l2 + l3 +…

b) Indirect method
i) Method 1 – Angle of slope method
- Angle of slope is measured using clinometer
ii) Method 2 – Difference in level method
iii) Method 3 – Hypotenusal allowance method
1. Personal Error
Errors in chaining
• Wrong reading and recording
• Displacement of arrows
• Reading from wrong end
2. Compensating Error (error occurring in either direction & tends to
compensate)
• Careless holding and marking
• Variation in pull
• Fractional part of chain may not be correct though total length is
corrected
• Graduations in tape may not be same throughout
3. Cumulative Error (error occurring in same direction & tends to
• Erroneous length of chain/tape (+ or -)
accumulate)
• Bad ranging (+)
• Bad straightening (+)
• Non-horizontality (+)
• Sag in chain (+)
• Temperature variation (+ or -)
• Variation in pull (+ or -) 88
 Tape corrections
• Tape is used in most of the precise works
• Can also be applied for chain and steel band
• Positive: If uncorrected length is to be increased
to get true length
• Negative: If uncorrected length is to
be decreased to get true length
• After having measured the length, the
correct length of the base is calculated

89
• Correction for absolute length : C a
𝑳.𝒄
𝒍
= L = measured length of line
–
– c = correction per tape length
– l = Designated/true length of the tape
• Correction for temperature : Ct = α(Tm – To) L
– α = Co-efficient of thermal expansion
– Tm = Mean temperature is the field during measurement
– To = Temperature during standardization of the tape
• Correction for pull/tension:pC 𝑷𝒎− 𝑷𝟎
𝑳
–=Pm = pull applied during measurement 𝑨𝑬
(N)
– Po = standard pull (N)
– A = C/s area of the tape (cm2) 90
 𝒏 𝒍(𝒘 𝒍 )𝟐
• Correction for sag : Cs
𝟐𝟒 𝑷𝟐
– =n = no. of bays of equal length
– w = weight of tape per unit length
– P = pull applied
– l = length of tape suspended between two supports
ℎ2
• Correction for slope/vertical alignment : Cv
2𝐿
–=
h = difference is elevation between the ends
– L = inclined length measured

91
 Tape correction problems
1. A line was measured with a steel tape which was
exactly 30m long at 18˚C, and found to be 452.343m.
The temperature during measurement was 32˚C.
Find the correction for tape and true length of the
line. Take coefficient of expansion of the tape per ˚C
= 0.0000035.

Solution:
Ct = 0.0000035(32 – 18) 30 = 0.00147m is the correction for 30m tape Ct =
0.0000035(32 – 18) 452.343 = 0.022165m
True length of the line = 452.343+0.022165 = 452.365m
92
2. A line was measured with a steel tape which was
exactly 30m at 18˚C and pull of 5kg and found out to
be 459.242m. The temperature during measurement
was 28˚C and the pull applied was 10kg. The tape
was uniformly supported during the measurement.
Find the correction per tape length and true length
of the line if cross sectional area of the tape was
0.02cm2, the coefficient of expansion of the tape per
˚C is 0.0000035 and the modulus of elasticity is 2.1 x 106
kg/cm2.
Solution:
Ct = 0.0000035(28 – 18) 30 = 0.00105m is the correction for 30m tape
𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝟑𝟎
Cp = 𝟎.𝟎𝟐 𝑿 𝟐.𝟏 𝑿106 = 0.00357m is the correction for 30m tape
Total correction per tape length = 0.00462m
93
True length of the line = 459.242+0.07075 = 459.313m
3. A 50m tape is suspended between the ends under a
pull of 150N. The weight of the tape is 1.5kg. Find
the corrected length of the tape between its ends.
Ans: 0.0208m & 49.979m

4. A steel tape 20m long standardized at 55˚F with a

pull of 10kg was used for measuring a base line. Find
the correction per tape length, if the temperature at
the time of measurement was 80˚F and the pull
exerted was 16kg. Weight of 1cubic cm of steel=
7.86g, weight of tape =0.8kg and E= 2.109 x106
kg/cm2. coefficient of expansion of tape per 1˚F = 6.2
x 10-6
Ans: 0.0031 + 0.00112 - 0.00208 = 0.0021944m
4. Solution:
• Correction for temperature = 20x6.2 x 10-6 (80-55)
• = 0.0031m (additive)
• Correction for pull = ( 𝑝 𝑚 𝐴 − 𝑝 𝑜 ) X L
• Weight of tape = A (20x100) 𝐸 (7.86x10-3) kg = 0.8kg
0.8
• A = 7.86 X = 0.051cm2
2 16−10 20
• Cp = = 0.00112 (additive)
0.051 X 2.109 X 10 6
𝑙 1 (𝑤 𝑙 )2
1

20(0.8) 2
24𝑝
24 X
2
• Correction for
(Subtractive) sag = = =
0.00208m 16 2
• Total correction = 0.0031 + 0.00112 – 0.00208 = 0.00214m

95
5. A downhill end of the 30m tape is held
80cm too low. What is the horizontal length ?
Ans: 30 – 0.01067 = 29.9893m

6. A steel tape of 30m long was standardized at a

temperature of 65oF When laying horizontally on
the ground. Its sectional area is 0.082cm2, its weight
is 2kg and the co-efficient of expansion 65 x 10-7 per
10F. The tape is stretched over three equal spans.
Calculate the actual length between the end
gradations under the following conditions;
temperature = 850F, pull = 18kg, E = 2x106 kg / cm2
Ans: 30 + (0.0039 – 0.01543) =
Locating ground features: Offset
• An offset is the lateral distance of an object or
ground feature measured from a survey line.
• Point or object is located by distance and
angle measurements from a pt. on the chain
line
• Perpendicular offset and Oblique offset
• Method of ‘ties’ : equilateral triangle
• Offsets should
be taken in
order of their
chainages 97
Locating ground features: Offset…
• Straight wall/boundary – an offset at each end
is sufficient
• To locate irregular boundaries – sufficient no.
of offsets are taken at suitable interval & at
points where the direction suddenly changes
• For nallah – offsets should be taken to both
the sides of its width

98
 Instruments used for setting out offsets
1) Cross staff : frame/box with vertical slits
mounted on pole

Open cross staff French cross staff Adjustable cross staff

(2 pairs of vertical slits) (Hollow octagonal box (2 cylinders of equal
with vertical slits in the diameter one above the
middle of each face) other with sighting slits –
vernier + graduations9)9
100
2) Optical square
• More convenient and more accurate than C.S
• Circular box with 3 Slits – E, F and G
• Glass B (facing E) - silvered at top & unsilvered at
bottom
• Glass A (facing F) - silvered

b
’

101
102
103
 Obstacles in chaining – 3 Types
1. Obstacles to ranging but not chaining

2. Obstacles to chaining but not ranging

3. Obstacles to both chaining and ranging

104
 Obstacles in Chaining Type - 1

1) Obstacles to ranging but not chaining

Case i) Both ends of the line may not be visible from

intermediate points on the line
- Random line method

Case ii) Both ends of the line may be visible from

intermediate points on the line
- Indirect ranging / Reciprocal ranging
1. Obstacles to ranging but not chaining
Case 1: Both ends of the line may not be
visible from intermediate points on the line

(As near to B
as possible)

106
Case 2: Both ends of the line may be visible from
intermediate points on the line

(M1 and A
(N1 and are visible)
B are
visible)
Continued till..
Person at M finds person at N in line with MB & Person at N
finds person at M in line with NA 107
Indirect ranging or Reciprocal ranging
 Obstacles in Chaining Type - 2

2) Obstacles to chaining but not ranging

Case i) When it is possible to chain round the obstacle Eg.:

Pond

Case ii) When it is not possible to chain round the

obstacle
Eg.: River
2. Obstacles to chaining but not ranging
Case 1: When it is possible to chain round
the obstacle (pond)

AF=FC

BF=FD

CE=AE/n
DE=BE/n L DCB= θ
AB = n. CD 111
Case 2: When it is not possible to chain round the
obstacle (river, canal etc….)

AD=DC
AD=AC

AB = (ACxAD) AB = CE AB/AC = AC/AD

(CE-AD)
AB = AE

112
 Obstacles in Chaining Type - 3
3) Obstacles to both chaining and ranging :
E.g.: Building
3. Obstacles to both chaining and ranging
DH=DA

DE=DC

DH=DA EG=n.BC
AE=n.AC
AI=n’.A
C
IH=n’.B
C
AF=n.AD
AJ=n’.A
BG = AH-AB-GH
D
= AD-AB-GH BG = (n-1)AB

114
 Problem Solving
1. A chain line ABC crosses a river, B and C being on
the near and distant bank respectively. The
respective bearings of C and A taken at ‘D’, a
point 45m measured at right angles to AB from
B are 2100 and 3000, AB being 24m find the
width of the river.
Ans: BC/BD = BD/AB
BC = 84.375m
Or
LBDA = 28.10
And hence LBDC = 61.90
BC = 45 X tan 61.90= 84.28m
115
 Problem Solving
2. In passing an obstacle in the form of a pond,
stations A and D, on the main line, were taken
on the opposite sides of the pond. On the left of
AD, a line AB, 225m long was laid down and a
second line AC, 275m long, was ranged on the
right of AD, the points B, D and C being in the
same stright line. BD and DC were then chained
and found to be 125 m and 137.5m respectively.
Find the length of AD
Ans: 212.9m
(by cosine rule)
116
 Problem Solving
3. A line is obstructed by a high
survey
building. rise To prolong the line
building, abeyond
150m longtheperpendicular BC, is set
out at B. From C, two lines CD and CE, are set
out at angles of 300 and 400 with CB
respectively. Determine the lengths of CD and
CE so that D and E may be on the prolongation
of AB. If the chainage of B is 100m, find the
chainage of D.
Ans: Chainage at D =
100+86.602 = 186.602m
117
References
1. Punmia B.C., (2015), Surveying, Laxmi Publications Private Limited

2. DE Alak, (2002), Plane Surveying, S.Chand & Company

3.T.P.Kanetkar, S.V.Kulkarni, (1989), Surveying and Levelling Vol.I, Pune

Vidyarthi Griha Prakashan, Pune

4. Venakataramaiah, (1996), Text Book of Surveying, University Press

5. Arora, K.R., (1991), Surveying Vol.I, Standard Book, New Delhi

QUESTIONS ???
THANK
YOU