Benefits of personalized medicine

Increase patient
Increases safety and Reduce the time, cost,
compliance and
reduces adverse drug and failure rate of
adherence to
reaction. clinical trials.
treatment.

Reduces the overall Customsize disease-

Improve quality of life.
cost of healthcare. prevention drugs.

Prescribe more
effective drugs and
Revive drugs that Improve disease
avoid prescribing
failed in clinical trials . detection.
drugs with side
effects.
 Personalized medicine vs. Traditional
medicine
Personalized Medicine Traditional Medicine

Non invasive and captures more Invasive and does not capture the
characteristic of a disease . heterogeneity of the disease.

Individualized and genetically targeted Trial and error to find the right
medicine. medication.

Prevents adverse effects, predicts dosing Large percentage of patients do not

and improves compliance. benefit.

Recruit patients most likely to respond in One-size-fits-all approach in clinical

clinical trials. traits.
 Current perspectives on personalized
medicine

• Healthcare delivery is mainly focused on “sick care”.

• Lack of coordination and fragmentation on this field.
• Cost growing and unsustainable.
• Pressures of expensive new technologies.
• Inefficient information about the drugs and biomarkers
used.
• Complicated framework.
 Future perspectives on personalized
medicine

• Transformational changes in the medicine field.

• Convergence of the molecular biology, genetics,
advanced technology and bioinformatics.
• Developments in science and technology.
• Reclassification of disease.
• Integrated and coordinated framework.
• High understanding on genomics and their uses.
 Goals of personalized medicine

• Identify genetic difference between people

towards drug response.
• Develop genetic tests that predict an individual’s
response towards a specific drug.
• Tailor medical treatment to the individual by :
- Increasing the effectiveness
- Minimize adverse side effects.
 Types of personalized medicine,drugs and
treatments
DRUGS BIOMARKER/TEST USED TO TREAT
Herceptin HER-2/neu receptor Breast cancer – for
treatment of patients with
metastatic breast cancer
whose tumors over express
the HER-2 protein and who
have received one or more
chemotherapy regimens
for their disease.

Warfarin CYP2C9 Cardiovascular disease –

Increased bleeding risk for
patients carrying either
CYP2C9*2 or CYP2C9*3
alleles.

Atorvastatin LDLR Cardiovascular disease

Heparin
DRUGS BIOMARKER USED TO TREAT
Tamoxifen HOXB13,IL17BR Breast cancer
Tagretol HLA-B*1502 Epilepsy and bipolar
disorder

Ziagen HLA-B*5701 HIV

Statins Phyzio Type SINM Cardiovascular disease

Camptosar UGT1A1 Colon cancer

Drugs metabolized by Amplichip Multiple disease – Used
CYP P450 to determine treatment
choice and individualizing
treatment dose for
therapeutics.
Immunosuppressive AlloMap Heart transplantation-
drugs Monitors patients
immune towards heart
transplant.
DRUGS BIOMARKER USED TO TREAT

Rifampin NAT Toxic reactions

Rituximab PGx PredictTM Non-Hodgkin’s

lymphoma

Celebrex CYP2C9 Pain

Gleevec c-KIT Stomach cancer//

gastrointestinal stromal
tumors

Risperdale PhyzioType Psychiatric disorders