Real Number

System 🔢
Reference:
Chapter 04
Sanchetti & Kapoor (S&K)
CONTENTS
• NATURAL NUMBER
• INTEGERS
• PRIME NUMBERS
• RATIONAL AND IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
• REAL NUMBERS
• IMAGINARY NUMBERS
• COMPLEX NUMBERS

2
NATURAL NUMBER
•  1, 2, 3, 4,….. are natural number
• Used for counting
• Denoted by N
• Addition on N
• For m, n N, m+n N
• For m, n N, m+n = n+m
• For m, n, p N, m+(n+p) = (m+n)+p
• For m, n, p N, m+p = n+p m=n

3
NATURAL NUMBER (contd.)

•  Multiplication on N
• For m, n N, m.n N
• For m, n N, m.n=n.m
• For m, n, p N, m . (n . p) = (m . n) . p
• For m, n, p N, m . p = n . P m=n
• 1 N such that m . 1 = m = 1 . m where m N
• m . (n + p) = m . n + m . p where m, n, p
N
• (n + p) . m = n . m + p . m where m, n, p
N 4
NATURAL NUMBER (contd.)

•  Order Relations on N
• For m, n N, one and only one of the following three
possibilities holds:
m = n or, m > n or, m < n
• For m, n, p N, m > n and n > p m>p
• For m, n, p N, m > n m + p > n + p
• For m, n, p N, m > n m . p > n . p
• m n if m = n or m < n
• m n if m = n or m > n
5
Integers
• Whole numbers: positive, negative or zero.
• Ratios of two numbers which don’t have a
remainder.
• Denoted by I
• Filling the gap of zero and negative numbers in N

6
PRIME NUMBERS
•  Denoted by P
• P = {P I but P 0, 1 and divisors are 1 and p only}

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RATIONAL AND IRRATIONAL
NUMBERS
•  Rational Number:
• Denoted by Q
• Q = {: p, q I and q 0}
•N I Q
• Irrational Number:
• Denoted by
• Cannot be expressed in the form
• Represented by non-terminating, non-recurring decimals

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RATIONAL AND IRRATIONAL
NUMBERS (contd.)

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REAL NUMBERS

• Denoted
  by R
• R = {x: x Q x }
•N I Q R
• Not divisible by zero
• Modulus of R
• Absolute numerical value
• If a R, then modulus of R is denoted by the symbol where
=

10
REAL NUMBERS (contd.)

•  Modulus of R
=
• If a, b R, then
• =.
• = where b 0
• +
• -

11
REAL NUMBERS (contd.)

12
IMAGINARY NUMBERS

•  Square root of negative numbers

• For example,
• If - 9 = 0 then x = 3 but
• If + 4 = 0 then x =
• Denoted by i where i = or = x = -1
• In general, = = . = . i

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COMPLEX NUMBERS

•  a + ib where a, b R
• a : real part and ib = imaginary part
• If a = 0, then complex number = imaginary number
only
• If b = 0, then complex number = real number purely
• Conjugates: a + ib and a - ib

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COMPLEX NUMBERS (contd.)

•  Addition and subtraction separately

(a + ib) (c + id) = (a c) + i(b d)
• Multiplication
(a + ib) (c + id) = (ac – bd) + i(ad + bc)
• Division
= +i
• Sum and product of conjugates are real numbers.
• If a + ib = c + id, then a = c and b = d
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REAL NUMBER SYSTEM
•  QUICK ASSESSMENT

• Find the value of , , and

• Convert to the standard form of a complex
number (a + ib)

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 Number
System

Real (R) Complex (C) Imaginary (i)

Irrational ()
Rational (R)

Integers (I)

Non-negative ()
Negative ()

Positive () Zero (0)

Natural (N)

Prime (P)