Data Processing

and
Statistical Treatment
Joana Marie L. Batilo
 Basic Steps of Data Processing
1. Categorization of Data
– Grouping of subjects under study of subjects
under study according to the objectives or
purposes of the study.
 Basic Steps of Data Processing
2. Coding of Data
- more useful with research instruments
having open-ended question.
 Basic Steps of Data Processing
3. Tabulation of Data
- done by tallying and counting the raw data
to arrive at a frequency distribution and to
facilitate in organizing them in a systematic
order in a table or several tables

Manual Tabulation – data are manually tallied

by hand
Data Matrix
- It stores data
- Usually in tabular form

Observation (cases) are stored as rows while the

variable (characteristic) are stored in column.
Types of Data Matrices

• Univariate matrix

• Bivariate matrix

• Multivariate matrix
 Univariate Matrix
- Involves only one variable
- Simple form of analysis
- It does not deal with causes or relationships
- The main purpose of the analysis is to describe
the data and find the pattern that exist within
it.
Bivariate Data
• Involves two different variables
• Analysis is done to find out the relationship
among two variables.
Multivariate Data
• Involves three or more variables

Example:
An advertiser wants to compare the popularity
of four advertisements on a website, then their
click rates could be measured for both men and
women and relationships between variables
can then be examined
Dummy Table
- Helpful in preparing for the data matrix
because they are used in planning,
summarizing and analyzing the data on how
the different variables differ with each other.
Statistical Treatment
- Apply any statistical method to your data.

- It is a must that researchers diagnose the

problem by using the appropriate statistical
tool to arrive at accurate and definite
interpretation of result.
Treatments are divided into:
1. Descriptive Statistics
- Summarize data as a graph
2. Inferential Statistics
- Make predictions and test hypotheses
Treatments could include…
• Finding the standard deviation and sample
standard errors.
• Finding the T-Scores or Z-scores
• Calculating Correlation Coefficients
Incorrect Statistical Tool

Percentage is incorrect or inappropriate

statistical tool to scale options due to vague
interpretation of the result.
Univariate Statistical Treatment
Experimental Research

Descriptive Research
- weighted arithmetic mean is appropriate for
scale options (i.e. 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1)and the like for
univariate problem.
 Bivariate Statistical Treatment in
Experimental Research

The statistical tools for bivariate problem in

experimental research are t-test and linear
correlation.
 T – Test
- used to determine if there is a significant
difference between the means of two groups
- used for the purpose of hypothesis testing in
statistics
- Calculating a t-test requires three key data
values (Mean Difference , Standard Deviation,
Number of data values of each group)
 Bivariate Statistical Treatment in
Descriptive Research

- The statistical tools used for bivariate

descriptive research problems are z-test and
linear correlation.
 Z-test as Bivariate Statistical Tool on
Descriptive Research

- The z-test is used to determine the significant

difference between two percentages of related
individuals in which the data are collected
through survey.
 Z - Test
- a way for you to figure out if results from a test
are valid or repeatable.
If someone said they had found a new drug that
cures cancer, you would want to be sure it was
probably true. A hypothesis test will tell you if
it’s probably true, or probably not true.

A Z test, is used when your data is

approximately normally distributed
 You can run a z – test when…
• Your sample size is greater than 30
• Data points should be independent from each
other.
• Your data should be normally distributed.
• Your data should be randomly selected from a
population, where each item has an equal
chance of being selected.
- z-tests are closely related to t-tests, but t-tests
are best performed when an experiment has a
small sample size.

- t-tests assume the standard deviation is

unknown, while z-tests assume it is known.