7.

1 Fundamental
Theories of
Probability
REPORTER: ERIKA DIANNE SALMA
PROBABILITY
- IS
THE BRANCH OF MATHEMATICS
 CONCERNING NUMERICAL DESCRIPTIONS OF
HOW LIKELY AN EVENT IS TO OCCUR OR HOW
LIKELY IT IS THAT A PROPOSITION IS TRUE
OR SOMETHING TO HAPPEN.
 EXPERIMENT TRIAL OUTCOME
Planned procedure One instance of Result of one
that is repeatable the experiment. trial.
and has well-
defined outcomes.
SAMPLE SPACE EVENT
Set of potential A particular
outcomes, outcome or set
frequently of outcomes.
denoted as S.
 A={H,T}

Flipping a coin 2 times, the sample space (S), is the collection of {HH,HT,TH,TT},
where H indicates heads and T indicates tails.

For instance, if you are tossing a coin, the event (A) is not the toss itself, but heads
or tails. So it is A={H,T}.

Probability of an event is simply the number of different ways that the event can
happen divided by the total number of outcomes.
 ADDITIVE RULE
- also known as the
addition rule, it
applies when we are
talking about the
probability that two or
more events occur.
- First, let's consider the
case where the events
are mutually exclusive.
This means they can't
occur at the same time.
MULTIPLICATIVE
RULE
DATA PRESENTATION

GRAPHICAL DATA TABULAR DATA

CATEGORIZED:
CATEGORICAL DATA NUMERICAL DATA
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS AND
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
 MOST COMMON IN DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
RANGE
-IS
STRAIGHT
FORWARD

-ITIS THE
DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN THE
MAXIMUM AND
MINIMUM VALUES
IN DATA SET.
 MEAN
- ONE OF THE MOST
COMMON
INDICATORS OF
CENTRAL
TENDENCY, OR OF
THE CENTRAL
LOCATION OF THE
DATA.
- IT’S THE SUM OF ALL
THE VALUES
DIVIDED BY THE
NUMBER OF VALUES
IN THE DATA SET.
 MODE
- The mode of a set of data
values is the value that appears
most often.

-  If X is a discrete random

variable, the mode is the
value x (i.e, X = x) at which the 
probability mass function takes
its maximum value.

-  In other words, it is the value

that is most likely to be
sampled.
EXPECTED VALUE OF A
VARIABLE
THE EXPECTED VALUE IS A
FUNCTION OF THE DIFFERENT
VALUES A VARIABLE CAN TAKE,
AND THE PROBABILITY THAT THE
VARIABLE WILL TAKE EACH
VALUE.
 MEDIAN
- IS ANOTHER
COMMON
MEASURE OF THE
CENTRAL
TENDENCY OF A
DATA SET.

- IT IS SIMPLY THE
MIDDLE VALUE OF
THE SORTE DATA
SET.
 PERCENTIL
E
- TO CALCULATE
PERCENTILES, FIRST, WE
ORDER THE DATA THEN
DIVIDE IT INTO A
NUMBER OF SLOTS.
STANDARD DEVIATION
- ONE MEASURE OF SPREAD
OR DISPERSION OF THE
DATA IS THE STANDARD
DEVIATION.

- IS THE SQUARE ROOT OF

THE VARIANCE OF THE
DATA.

- AN INTUITIVE WAY TO
THINK THESE VALUES IS
THAT THEY MEASURE THE
DEVIATION FROM THE
MEAN OF THE DATA SET.
COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION
- SIMPLY THE STANDARD
DEVIATION DIVIDED BY
THE MEAN.

- THIS IS A USEFUL
MEASURE BECAUSE THE
STANDARD DEVIATION IS
SUBJECT TO THE
MAGNITUDE OF THE
VALUES IN THE DATASET
AND CANNOT BE USED
DIRECTLY TO COMPARE
THE LEVELS OF
DISPERSION ACROSS
DIFFERENT DATA SETS.
SKEWNESS
REPRESENTS
THE SYMMETRY
(OR
ASYMMETRY)OF
THE
DISTRIBUTION.
KURTOSIS
- IS A STATISTICAL
MEASURE THAT IS
USED TO DESCRIBE
THE DISTRIBUTION.
 RANDOM VARIABLE
- IS A VARIABLE WHOSE
VALUES ARE SUBJECT TO
RANDOMNESS.

- ANOTHER WAY TO THINK

ABOUT IT IN A
MATHEMATICAL SENSE IS
THAT THERE IS A
FUNCTION OR EQUATION
THAT ASSOCIATES A
REAL NUMBER (THINK:
PROBABILITY) WITH
EACH ELEMENT IN THE
SAMPLE SPACE.
THANK YOU! ☺