ENGLAND – AO 32

Шортанбай Мариям
Джамбаева Жазира
Черненко Роман
Нидзельскя Маргарита
Николаев Никита
Утеубаева Жанель
In England, heightened nebula has become a frequent occurrence. This is due to the
temperate climate and high humidity of the region. In winter, the temperature does not
drop below 3 degrees, and in summer it rarely rises above 20.Tourists who have visited
this country at least once know that the weather can be especially deceiving in spring
and summer. It is during these seasons that the region experiences a sharp temperature
drop. The temperature depends on the current of the Gulf Stream.

In autumn the weather is cold only in the early morning and late evening.
It rains quite often here. A lot of precipitation falls on the onset of
autumn and winter. Spring is considered the driest season here.
The capital, London, is the coldest region in the entire country,
and the West is the warmest. The best time to visit England
is from April to September.
England is one of the states located on the island of Great Britain.
Initially, most of England and Great Britain as a whole were occupied by deciduous forests.
The Celts - the population living in these territories at that time, especially revered oaks. It
was believed that it was the trees that were the main conductor between the worlds of the
living and the dead, therefore, tree species were treated with special trepidation and
submission.

Today, the natural vegetation of England

is taiga and mixed forests. Pine, oak,
birch, broad-leaved oak, hornbeam-oak
and oak-ash plants grow in the southern
and northern latitudes of the country.
Oaks, birches and beeches are also found
in the mountains.
The main representatives of the fauna of England and Great
Britain are foxes, hares, hedgehogs, and earth-moving
mammals. The most magnificent representatives of the
animal world are the red deer.

More than 200 species of birds live

here, many of which are migratory.
And the waters of the island are
suitable for breeding and habitat of
salmon, trout, cod, herring and
haddock.
Obviously, the relatively regular English rivers flow from west to east and,
eventually, flows into the North Sea. The theoretical rivers flowing south
are usually shallow and unnavigable. But in the estuaries of a number of
them there are natural sea harbors, as their names indicate: Falmouth,
Plymouth, Exmouth, Weymouth, Bournemouth, Teignmouth and
Portsmouth.

Some rivers of England flow from north to south and then are believed to
the west, with large port cities at their mouths. These rivers include Lun,
Ribble, Mersey, Dee and Severn.
Now let's take a closer look at some of them:
Lyne
The Line is an English river that flows through the
territory of the County of Cumbria. The Line originates
near the village of Stepalton, where the Black Line and
White Line rivers mix their waters to form a single Line.
Both of these rivers are fed by waters further
northeastward in the Kerpshope woodland in the County
of Cumbria, which is close to the Scotland-
Northumberland border.

Irt (Irt)The Irt River flows in the north of England in the

county of Cumbria. The Irt originates at the southwest
end of England's deepest lake, West Water. Leaving the
lake, the river passes Mount Win Rigg, the southern
summit of the West Water Screese, and crosses the long
Cambria Coastal Way pedestrian bridge.
In 927, the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were united by thelstan (c. 927-939). In 1016, the
kingdom became part of the Northern Maritime Empire of Knud the Great, a personal
alliance between England, Denmark and Norway. The Norman conquest of England in
1066 led to the transfer of the English capital and main royal residence from the
Anglo-Saxon at Winchester to Westminster, and the

City of London quickly established itself as England's largest and main commercial
center. [1] The history of the Kingdom of England from the Norman conquest of 1066
is conditionally distinguished by periods named after successive ruling dynasties:
Norman - 1066-1154, Plantagenet - 1154-1485, Tudor - 1485-1603 and Stuarts - 1603-
1714. The title of King (Queen) of England has formally lost its meaning since
1707, but in fact it is still used today. The current monarch of the
United Kingdom, Queen Elizabeth II, is the successor to the kings
and kingdom of England.
In terms of relief, the territory is conditionally divided into two parts -
High Britain with Northern Ireland and Low Britain, which occupies the
east and south of the country. In this relatively dry part, the most fertile
soils have formed on limestone rocks, and high summer temperatures
create conditions for increased biological activity and the accumulation
of a humus layer. Forest podzolized
soils have been preserved on the coastal marshy
lowlands,
and fertile peaty alluvial soils on the drained sea
lowlands. Acidic brown podzolic soils are
characteristic of the western and northwestern regions
of the country.
The sod-podzolic soils of the highlands of
Cornwall and Scotland are dominated by
pastures with coarse grass.
Mammals are represented by bear, wild boar, and Irish red deer. Such a predator as a wolf has been destroyed.
Wild goats live in mountainous areas. The gray seal is found near the coastal cliffs of Wales, and the harbor seal
prefers the Scottish coast. On forest edges and in groves, foxes and badgers are found, otters are common in water
bodies, ermine and weasel are numerous. European wild cats and American martens are found in the highlands of
Scotland. There are 130 species of birds, including singers. With the draining of the swamps, the population of
ducks and geese has decreased, therefore special territories are allocated for their protection.

There are minerals in the bowels of the United Kingdom, but not very diverse. Some of their types played a large
role in the formation of the industrial regions of the country. Of all the minerals, Great Britain is rich in coal, with
total reserves of 190 billion tons. Coal is deposited along the sea coasts, which is very convenient for its
transportation. The exception is
the Yorkshire and Midlands basins, located in the interior of the country.
Hydrocarbon deposits were discovered back in the 60s in the North Sea shelf.
The British sector of the North Sea contains 1/3 of the proven oil and gas reserves,
which is 45 billion tons, or 2% of the world's reserves. There are 50 known fields
for production, of which the largest are Brent and Fortis. Great Britain
exports a significant part of oil to the USA, Germany, the Netherlands.
At the same time, the country imports about 50 million tons.