Viskositas Fluida

OTK 1/Yulia Tri Rahkadima

 Hukum newton dan viskositas
• Ketika suatu fluida mengalir dalam sebuah channel
tertutup seperti pipa atau antara dua plat, maka
ada dua tipe aliran yang mungkin akan terjadi :
• Saat kecepatan rendah, fluida mengalir tanpa ada
pusaran , tidak ada arus yang saling berbenturan 
laminer flow
• Saat kecepatan dinaikan, pusaran terjadi dan
menyebabkan terjadi pencampuran turbulent
flow
• Fluida dapat dibedakan dari solid dengan
viskositasnya dengan kelakuannya ketika
diberikan stress (gaya/ unit luas)
• Elastis solid mengalami perubahan ketika di
berikan stress sesuai dengan besaran stressnya.
• Sementara fluida akan mengalami perubahan
dengan pemberian stess, yaitu mengalir terus
dengan kecepatan yang proporsional dengan
stress yang diberikan.
• Viskositas adalah ukuran ketahanan sebuah
fluida terhadap perubahan bentuk.
• Viscous forces memiliki kesamaan dengan
shear stess pada solid.
As a fluid moves, a shear stress is developed in it,
the magnitude of which depends on the viscosity
of the fluid.
Shear stress, denoted by the Greek letter (tau), ,
can be defined as the force required to slide one
unit area layer of a substance over another
• Fig 2.4-1 shows the velocity gradient in a moving fluid.

F adalah viscous drag

Semakin keatas kecepatan alir semakin berkurang
Laminar flow, turbulent flow and
Reynold’s number
 Laminar flow
• Also known as
streamline flow
• Occurs when the
fluid flows in
parallel layers,
with no disruption
between the layers
• The opposite of
turbulent flow
(rough)
 Laminar flow
• In fluid dynamics (scientific study of properties
of moving fluids), laminar flow is:
• A flow regime characterized by high momentum
diffusion, low momentum convection, pressure
and velocity independent from time.
*momentum diffusion refers to the spread of
momentum (diffusion) between particles of
substances, usually liquids
 Laminar flow
• Laminar flow over a flat and
horizontal surface can be
Turbulent
pictured as consisting of Flow
parallel and thin layers

• Layers slide over each other,

thus the name ‘streamline’
Laminar Flow
or smooth.
• The paths are regular and
there are no fluctuations
 Laminar flow
• 3 Conditions
– fluid moves slowly
– viscosity is relatively high
– flow channel is relatively small

• Blood flow through capillaries is laminar flow, as

it satisfies the 3 conditions
• Most type of fluid flow is turbulent
• There is poor transfer of heat energy!
 Turbulent flow
• Usually occurs when the
liquid is moving fast
• The flow is ‘chaotic’ and there
are irregular fluctuations
• Includes:
– Low momentum diffusion
– high momentum convection
– rapid variation of pressure and
velocity of the fluid
– Good way to transfer thermal
energy
 Turbulent Flow
• The speed of the fluid at a point is
continuously undergoing changes in both
magnitude and direction.
 Examples of turbulence
• ocean currents
• External flow of air/water over vehicles such as
cars/ships/submarines
• In racing cars, e.g. leading car causes understeer
at fast corners
• Turbulence during air-plane’s flight
• Flow of most liquids through pipes
 Reynold’s number
• A dimensionless number in fluid mechanics
• Dynamic Pressure : Shearing Stress
• Thus, it quantifies the relative importance of these two types of
forces for given flow conditions.

• Arises when performing analysis of fluid dynamics

• Can be used to determine dynamic similitude in such cases.
Concept used in the testing of models, e.g. testing miniature
airplanes/submarines
 Reynold’s number
Flow in a pipe or liquid
 p is the density of the fluid
 V is the mean fluid velocity
 D is the diameter

 μ  is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid

 Reynold’s number
• The Reynold’s number can be used to
determine if a flow is laminar, transient or
turbulent

• Laminar when Re < 2300

• Turbulent when Re > 4000
• Transient when 2300 < Re < 4000