University of Baghdad

Al-Khwarizmi College of Engineering

Biomedical Engineering Department

Image processing for BME 2

5th Stage

Lecture 1
Image Enhancement

By:
Dr. Noor Kamal
PhD in Biomedical Engineering
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Image Histograms

• The histogram of an image is a tally of the number of pixels

at each intensity level or color (Frequency of the intensity
values of the image).
• The shape of the histogram is related to the ranges and
groupings of intensity values in the image.
• Quantise frequency into intervals (called bins)

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Image Histograms

• In the following monochrome examples notice how

the peaks of in the histogram correspond to
concentrations of intensities in the image globally.
• In the color examples the primary that has the
largest value at any intensity dominates the image.

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Monochrome Intensity Distributions

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Monochrome Intensity Distributions

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Monochrome Intensity Distributions

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Color Intensity Distributions

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Color Intensity Distributions

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Color Intensity Distributions

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Color Intensity Distributions

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Image Histograms: Monochrome

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Image Histograms: Monochrome

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The Histogram of a Monochrome Image

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The Histogram of a Monochrome Image
(Multi-resolution Image)

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The Histogram of a Monochrome Image

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The Histogram of a Monochrome Image

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The Histogram of a Monochrome Image

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The Histograms of a Color Image

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The Histograms of a Color Image

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Histograms Processing

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Histograms Processing

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Image Enhancement

Histogram equalization : is a method which increases the

dynamic range of the gray-levels in a low-contrast image to cover
full range of gray-levels.
Goal: find a transform s=T(r) such that the transformed image
has a flat (equalized) histogram.
• A) T(r) is signle-valued and monotonically increasing
in interval [0,1];
• B) 0≤T(r) ≤1 for 0 ≤r ≤1.

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Histogram Equalization
4
x 10
16

14

12

Histogram Equalization
10

0 50 100 150 200 250

4
x 10

16

14

12

10

0 50 100 150 200 250

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Histogram Equalization

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Histogram Equalization

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Histogram Equalization

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Histogram Equalization

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Histogram Equalization

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Histogram Equalization

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Histogram Equalization

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Histogram Equalization

Normalized histogram
Normalized histogram
nXm=6X6=36 pixels

NXM=6X6=36 pixels

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 Example (Histogram Equalization)
Consider the following image (a matrix filled with integers) with the gray
scale value ranging from 0 to 7, with each pixel encoded into 3 bits, find the
image histogram then perform the equalization:

values are spreads over the whole range from 0 to the maximum scale level 255.
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 8

Number of pixels
7

Pixel p(m,n) level Number of pixels 6

0 2
5
1 7
2 5 4
3 3
4 1 3

5 1 2
6 1
7 0 1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Scale Level

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The equalized image using Table 2, is finally obtained by replacing each old pixel value in the
old image with the corresponding equalized new pixel value as in below:

1 3 5 5 7
5 3 3 5 3
3 6 6 6 6
1 5 7 3 3

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 8

Number of pixels
7
Table 3: Pixel level distribution counts of the
equalized image
6
Pixel p(m,n) level Number of pixels
0 0 5
1 2
2 0 4
3 7
4 0 3
5 5
6 4 2
7 2
1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Scale Level

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