TYPES OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

• Based on the rating of Transmission voltage the

Transmission System are classified in to following
types.

• Up to220 KV – High voltage AC transmission.

• 220 KV to 760 KV –Extra High Voltage AC

transmission.

• Above 760 KV – Ultra high voltage AC transmission.

• Up to 600 KV D.C – High Voltage DC transmission

EE504.22 1
RATING OF HVDC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
The following are the generally employed HVDC
Transmission systems.
TABLE.1

Bipolar ± ± ± ± ± ± ±
HVDC 100 200 250 300 400 500 600
Transmission KV KV KV KV KV KV KV
line (Line to
Earth)
Voltage 200 400 500 600 800 1000 1200
between KV KV KV KV KV KV KV
Two Lines
EE504.22 2
 PRINCIPLE OF HVDC
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
•The HVDC transmission system mainly consists of

1)At the sending end where conversion from AC to DC

Named as Converter station.

2)At the receiving end the DC power is inverted in to AC

Named as INVERTER station.

EE504.22 3
 HVDC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
Smoothing reactor

A.C C A.C
T O T
N I
E E
V Electrode line N
R
R V
M E M
T E
I I
E T
N N
R E
A Earth electrode A
R
L L
S S

FIG.1 HVDC transmission lines

EE504.22
4
• Smoothing reactor:
It is necessary for converter operation and for smoothing
the DC current.
• Electrode line:
It connects the mid-point of converter with a distant earth
electrode.

• Earth electrode :
It is located 5 to 20 km away from HVDC
substation in order to prevent the galvanic corrosion
of station.

EE504.22 5
 CHOICE OF HVDC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

•HVDC Transmission System mainly using Modern

transmission network.
•Bulk power can be transmitted over a long

distance With low initial cost and better control.

• It is possible to interconnected the Asynchronous

transmission systems.

EE504.22 6
• Power flow through the HVDC line can be quickly

controlled.

• It is also possible to interconnect a strong AC

network and week AC network.

• Frequency conversion is possible.

• It is also possible to interconnect Back-to-Back

HVDC station without cable/line.

EE504.22 7
 Types of HVDC Systems
The HVDC transmission systems are mainly
classified in to following types on the basis of
arrangement of pole and earth return.

•Mono Polar HVDC Transmission System.

•Bipolar HVDC Transmission System.

•Homo polar HVDC Transmission System.

•Back-to-Back coupling System.

•Multi Terminal HVDC system.

EE504.22 8
 MONO POLAR HVDC
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

• one of the terminals of the rectifier is connected to earth

ground.
• The other terminal, at a potential high above, or below,
ground, is connected to a transmission line.

EE504.22 9
• Current flows in the earth between the earth electrodes
at the two stations.
• Therefore it is a type of Single wire earth return.

• Modern monopolar systems for pure overhead lines

carry typically 1500 MW.

EE504.22 10
MONO POLAR HVDC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

FIG.2
EE504.22 11
 BIPOLAR HVDC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

• In bipolar transmission a pair of conductors is used, each

at a high potential with respect to ground, in opposite
polarity.

• Since these conductors must be insulated for the full

voltage, transmission line cost is higher than a monopole
with a return conductor.

cont
EE504.22 12
• However, there are a number of advantages to bipolar
transmission which can make it the attractive option.

• Bipolar systems may carry as much as 3000 MW at

voltages of +/-533 kV.

• Submarine cable installations initially commissioned as a

monopole may be upgraded with additional cables and
operated as a bipole

EE504.22 13
BIPOLAR HVDC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

FIG.3
EE504.22 14
 HOMO POLAR HVDC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

•A newly conversion of existing AC transmission lines to HVDC.

• Two of the three circuit conductors are operated as a bipole.

• The third conductor is used as a parallel monopole, equipped

with reversing valves.

• The parallel monopole periodically relieves current from one

pole or the other, switching polarity over a span of several
minutes.

cont
EE504.22 15
• A tripole conversion of an existing AC line could allow up
to 80% more power to be transferred using the same
transmission towers, and conductors.

• Features:
Corona effect is substantially less with negative polarity
of the conductor as compared to the positive
conductor.

EE504.22 16
Homo Polar HVDC Transmission System

FIG.4

EE504.22 17
 BACK-TO-BACK HVDC COUPLING SYSTEM

• A back-to-back station is a plant in which both static

inverters are in the same area, usually in the same
building.

• The length of the direct current line is only a few meters.

EE504.22 18
BACK-TO-BACK HVDC COUPLING SYSTEM

FIG.5

EE504.22 19
 MULTI-TERMINAL HVDC SYSTEM

It has 3 or more terminal substations.

FIG.6

EE504.22
20
LIMITATIONS OF HVDC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

1. HVDC system is only used for point to point transmission

Because
(a) It does not have step-up and step-down
Transformers.
(b) It does not have suitable rating HVDC circuit
breakers.
2. HVDC system is not economical for primary transmission
below 400kv, sub transmission and distribution
hence it is not used.

cont
EE504.22 21
3. HVDC Substation requires an additional harmonic filters
such as shunt capacitors.

4. It requires a continuous firing thyristor valves hence it is

complex .

5. HVDC Substation has an additional losses at converter

transformers and valves. These losses are
continuous.

6. Cost of HVDC terminal station is very high due to

additional equipment accessories etc.,

EE504.22 22
COMPARISON BETWEEN HVDC AND EHV AC
SYSTEMS
S.No Characteristics HVDC EHV-AC
1 Skin effect Absent Present
2 Corona & Radio Less More
Interface
3 Earth return Possible Not Possible
4 Power transfer High Low
ability
5 Capital cost Line cost is Line cost is
less more
Substation Substation cost
cost is high is less

EE504.22 23
TABLE 2 cont
S.No Characteristics HVDC EHV-AC

6 Control of power Fast, Slow, difficult

flow accurate,Bi-
directional

7 Voltage control Easier as Difficult for long

reactive power lines due to shunt
doesn’t flow capacitance &
series reactance

cont
EE504.22 24
S.No Characteristics HVDC EHV-AC

8 Control system Difficult, costly Simpler, cheaper

9 Frequency Possible Not Possible
conversion

10 Back-to-Back Possible Not Possible

conversion
coupling

EE504.22 25