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f
Real
x
1
Real & Imaginary Parts of Rectangular Form
The real and imaginary parts of a complex number Imag
in rectangular form are real numbers: 𝑧
𝑅𝑒 ( 𝑧 ) = 𝑥
𝐼𝑚 ( 𝑧 ) = 𝑦 y=Im(z)
r=|z| 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑥
cos 𝜙= = → 𝑥=𝑟 cos 𝜙
h𝑦𝑝 𝑟
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Real
x
Imag 𝑧
r=|z|
𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑦 → 𝑦=𝑟 sin 𝜙
sin 𝜙= =
y h𝑦𝑝 𝑟
f
Real
Geometry Relating the Forms: Real & Imaginary Parts
Imag The real and imaginary parts of a complex number
𝑧
can be expressed as follows:
r=|z|
𝜙
Real
Geometry Relating the Forms: Quadrants
Inexponential form, the positive angle, , is always defined from the positive real axis. If
the complex number is not in the first quadrant, then the “triangle” has lengths which
are negative numbers.
Imag
Imag 𝑎𝑑𝑗
𝑧 cos𝜃= =¿ 𝑥∨ ¿ ¿
h𝑦𝑝 𝑟 𝑥>
r=|z| 𝑥<
0 0
𝑦 >0 𝑦 >0
y 𝑥=−𝑟 cos 𝜃=𝑟 cos 𝜙
Real
𝜃 f 𝑥<
0 𝑥>
0
Real 𝑦 <0 𝑦 <0
x
Geometry Relating the Forms: in terms of and
𝑟=|𝑧|= √ 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2
Real
x
Geometry Relating the Forms: in terms of and
Use trigonometry
hyp
opp 𝑜𝑝𝑝
tan 𝜃 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗
𝜃
f
Real 𝑟=|𝑧|=√ 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2
x
𝑦
𝜙 = tan −1 ( )
𝑥
Euler’s Formula
𝑖𝜙
𝑒 = cos 𝜙+𝑖 sin 𝜙
Consistency argument
𝑖𝜙 𝑖𝜙
𝑧=𝑥 +𝑖𝑦 𝑧=𝑟 𝑒 =¿ 𝑧∨𝑒
If these represent the same thing, then the assumed Euler relationship says:
𝑖𝜔 0 𝑡
𝑒 =exp (𝑖 𝜔0 𝑡 )=cos 𝜔 0 𝑡 +𝑖 sin 𝜔 0 𝑡
11
Addition & Subtraction of Complex Numbers
Addition and subtraction of complex Addition and subtraction are analogous to
numbers is easy in rectangular form vector addition and subtraction
𝑧 1=𝑎+𝑖𝑏 𝑧 2=𝑐 +𝑖𝑑 𝑧 1=𝑎 𝑥^ +𝑏 ^𝑦
⃗
𝑧 2=𝑐 ^𝑥 +𝑑 ^𝑦
⃗
𝑧= 𝑧 1 + 𝑧 2=𝑎+𝑖𝑏 + 𝑐+𝑖𝑑 ⃗𝑧 = ⃗
𝑧 1 +⃗
𝑧 2=( 𝑎+ 𝑐 ) 𝑥^ +(𝑏+ 𝑑) ^𝑦
¿(𝑎 +𝑐)+𝑖 (𝑏+ 𝑑) y
Imag
𝑧 1
𝑧1
⃗
b
b a
a x
Real c 𝑧
⃗
c 𝑧2
⃗
𝑧
d
d 𝑧1
⃗
𝑧 2
12
Multiplication of Complex Numbers
Multiplication of complex numbers Multiplicationby a complex number, , can be
is easy in exponential form thought of as scaling by and rotation by
𝑧 1=𝑟 1 𝑒𝑖 𝜙 𝑧 2=𝑟 2 𝑒𝑖 𝜃
Imag
𝑧= 𝑧 1 𝑧 2 =𝑟 1 𝑒𝑖 𝜙 𝑟 2 𝑒𝑖 𝜃 𝑧𝑟 𝑒𝑖 𝜃
Angle rotated
¿ 𝑟 1 𝑟 2 𝑒 𝑖( 𝜙 +𝜃) counterclockwise by
Magnitude scaled by 𝜃 𝑧
𝑖(𝜙+𝜃)
¿ ¿ 𝑧 1∨¿ 𝑧 2∨𝑒 Real
13
Division of Complex Numbers
Division of complex numbers is Division of complex numbers is
easy in exponential form sometimes easy in rectangular form
𝑧 1=𝑟 1 𝑒𝑖 𝜙 𝑧 2=𝑟 2 𝑒𝑖 𝜃 𝑎+𝑖𝑏
𝑧=
𝑐 +𝑖𝑑
𝑧1 𝑟 1 𝑒 𝑖𝜙
𝑧= = 𝑎+𝑖𝑏 𝑐 −𝑖𝑑
𝑧 2 𝑟 2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
¿ Multiply by 1 using the complex
𝑐+𝑖𝑑 𝑐 −𝑖𝑑 conjugate of the denominator
𝑟 1 𝑖 (𝜙 −𝜃)
¿ 𝑒
𝑟2 𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑 +𝑖 (𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑑 )
¿
¿ 𝑐 2 +𝑑 2
¿¿ 𝑧1∨ 𝑖(𝜙−𝜃)
¿
¿𝑧2 ∨¿𝑒 ¿ 𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑 (𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑑 )
¿ +𝑖
𝑖(𝜙− 𝜃) 𝑐2 +𝑑 2 𝑐2 − 𝑑2
¿∨𝑧∨𝑒
¿ 𝑅𝑒( 𝑧 )+𝑖𝐼𝑚 ( 𝑧)
14
Complex Conjugate
Another important idea is the COMPLEX CONJUGATE of a complex number. To form the c.c.:
change i -i Imag
𝑧
r=|z|
𝑧=𝑥 +𝑖𝑦 𝑧=𝑟 𝑒 𝑖𝜙
y
𝑧 ∗ =𝑥 −𝑖 𝑦 𝑧 ∗ =𝑟 𝑒− 𝑖 𝜙
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Real
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The complex conjugate is a reflection about the real axis
𝑧 ∗
Common Operations with the Complex Conjugate
Addition of the complex number and its Imag
complex conjugate results in a real number 𝑧
𝑧+ 𝑧 ∗ = 𝑥 +𝑖𝑦 + 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 r=|z|
¿ 2 𝑥 y
¿ 𝑟 2
𝑧∨¿2 ¿
𝑧 ∗
¿¿