KWU Electro-Hydraulic

governing

Governor is a device to control speed /load

to a set point.
Type: Hydraulic & Electro-hydraulic
Advantages & disadvantages
 ADVANTAGES OF EHC
• i) Increases the life of turboset by conservative
operation with the aid of TSE
• ii) Reliable operation of isolated power grid by
Automatic Switchover of the load controller to
frequency control.
• iii) Precise maintenance of the rated frequency of the
power grid by means of an exact frequency load curve.
• iv) Low speed deviation under all operational
conditions.
• v) Support of the pressure control system
 kwu

• EHC can be divided into following sub-sections:

• 1 Speed measurement and Speed controller
• 2 Load controller and Load measurement
• 3 Pressure controller
• 4 Control transfer of Speed, Load and Pressure
Controller
• 5 Admission /Position Controller
 Droop of kwu m/c
output

+100%

2790 2940 3060 3210

0%
RPM

-100%
 What is Droop?
% of frequency change ( % of RPM change)
will lead to full travel of Governing valves or
full load change.
5% droop means: 5%*50 Hz= 2.5 Hz
Will change 500MW. In terms of output total
change should take place is 100%
 TURBINE DROOP 5% & NO DEAD BAND

3000
2700 2850 RPM 3150 3300

+100%

0 -150 RPM 0 +150 RPM +300

-100%

2790
+100%

DROOP5% & DEAD BAND +/-2%

0%

2940 3060

-100%
3210
 1a Speed measurement

• Hall probes are mounted around a disc (fitted

at the turbine shaft) containing 120 magnets
(60 N-pole & 60-S pole alternatively) . An
advantage of the same is that one rotation of
disc will generate 60 positive pulses & So, by
counting the pulses for one second we can
directly determine the turbo set speed in rpm.
 1b Speed Controller
• Speed Controller is used to increase turbine speed
from barring speed to rated speed in a controlled
manner and to assist Auto synchronizer in
synchronizing the machine and taking the blocking
load. After synchronization speed controller can be
used for taking load up to 100% but as a normal
practice approx. 10% of load should be taken and
then load controller should be taken into service. It is
done because during speed controller mode a small
frequency change will cause corresponding opening
in valve opening ( hence in load)
Speed controller can be divided into sub section:
Speed set point,
Speed set point control, Dn/Dt monitoring,
Speed control Loop, No load correction.

• a) Speed set point can be changed from cabinet, desk,

auto Synchronizer and SGC turbine. The set point is
called nR. The set point changes at a gradient of
2160 rpm/min up to a setting 2820 rpm. After
2820rpm speed set point changes at a gradient of
360 rpm/min which enables accurate setting of set
point in the working range
 b) Speed Set Point control
• Speed Set Point control :- The set point
fixed in the earlier section cannot be passed
to speed control loop directly as it is only
the desired value which can be changed at a
very fast rate and it does not take care of
turbine stress margin. To incorporate the
above facilities an integration (closed loop)
is used.
 c) Dn/Dt MONITORING
• A Speed controller output (hr n c) should be more
than 0.0 V (with a time delay of 10 seconds)
• B E S V’s open.
• C Generator circuit breaker in open condition.
• D Actual speed (n a c t) < 2850 rpm.
• E Speed set point (nR) more than 700 RPM for
200MW. For 500MW,set point is > 400 rpm.
• F Dn/Dt < 108 rpm
M/c will bring back to soaking speed 600rpm/360rpm
 d) Speed Controller Loop:-
• Speed Controller loop is PD (P) loop with a
droop of 5%. As the rated
• speed of the turbine is 3000 rpm hence 5% is
150 rpm. A deviation of 150 rpm will
correspond to full opening of the control
valve (with the assumption that full opening
of control valve will give full load at rated
parameters)
 e)No Load Correction
• As the speed controller loop is PD (P) so an error in
the input is a must to keep the valves open for
running the at the rated speed .To avoid this error
between set point and actual value a pressure
dependent correction signal is given, as the valve
opening required for running the machine at rated
speed is directly dependent on steam pressure.
Hence, for correction purpose practical reading
should be taken when the machine is running at
rated speed at different pressure
 2.Load Controller
• Load controller is used to maintain the load set by
the operator ( at turbine control or at CMC console
) or automatic load dispatch Centre (optional ).
Load controller is also responsible for taking care
of frequency changes and correcting the load. The
controller comes into operation only after
synchronization, before Synchronization it
remains in the follow mode .The total loop can be
divided in the following sub-sections
 Sub-sections of Load controller
• 2A) Load set point (PR)
• 2B) Load Gradient and TSE Margin Influence.
• 2C) Load Set Point Control (PRTD)
• 2D) Frequency influence.
• 2E) Load Limiter
• 2F) Actual Load Acquisition
• 2G) Final Control Loop
•  
 2A)Load Set Point:-
• Load Set Point:- Load set point can be
changed from cabinet, desk, SGC or CMC or
from Auto dispatch Centre (optional).The set
point changes at a gradient of 100 MW /Min
for 200MW & 250MW/min for 500MW).
The gradient remains same through out the
range. The load set point indicator is
available at desk. The range of the indicator
is 0-250 MW for 200 MW M/c & 0-600MW
for 500MW M/c.
 2B) Load gradient and TSE
influence
• Load gradient is an additional feature available in load
controller. The load gradient acts in parallel with TSE
margin with minimum Selector. Load gradient range
is 0-25MW/ min : 200MW & 0-60MW/min
(500MW).
• While for TSE margin 0-30 degree K corresponds to
0-25 MW/min –200MW, 0-60MW/min(500Mw)
• Both load gradient and TSE margin have got an
ON/OFF switched, so if any one is desired to be taken
out of service can be switched off.
 2C) Load set point
Control(PRTD )
• If load gradient is off and any change in PR is made
PRTD changes by 5%
• The function of PRTD is similar to the NRTD in
speed controller The maximum rate change here is
25MW /min or 60MW in both directions
• The set point controller remains in follows mode in
generator breaker is off or load controller is off or
load is less than station load& MW error>10%.
During this mode PRTD follows actual load without
delay
• STOP command is generated if TSE fault appears
 2D)Frequency Influence
• Frequency influence is used to correct the
load set point. The frequency influence has
got a droop of 5%
• The frequency influence can be switched
on/off from Frequency Influence module
• Indicator for the correction signal is available
at desk of range +/- 100MW for 200MW M/c
& +/- 200 MW for 500MW M/c.
• IN all NTPC stations this has been kept off.
 2E) Load Limiter
• Final Set point (addition of PRTD and PR F ) is
fed to a minimum selector with the load limiter
• Load limiter will limit the actual load and it also
can be used for fast reduction of load in
emergency cases.
• PR (in turn PRTD )also should be reduced, so that
during load increase as per PRTD and not as per
load limiter
 2F) Actual Load Acquisition
/Load measurement
• The actual load is measured by three load
transducers which get the signal from PT and CT
and give out put 0-250MW (or 0-500MW M/c)
corresponds to 4-20 mA
• The middle value of the three load measurement is
use for processing
• If any value drifts from the other value by more
than 5%, a selective alarm is generated
 2G)Final Controller Loop
• The final loop is a PI controller
• Two major parts consisting of two cards ARL 12&
ARL 13 specially designed for this purpose
• Error signal is generated from the final set point and
actual load in ARL 12 card. It has an inbuilt
frequency influence whose responsibility is to
prevent the over speeding of the turbine. Hence, this
frequency influence acts only to reduce the out put
of the controller
• The output of ARL 13 card provides the integrator
part of the loop. Apart from the integrated, ARL 13
has also got a filter
 Following Above (hvo)

• This mode in operation during following conditions

• 1-                 Load Controller Off
• 2-                 Generator Breaker Off
• 3-                 Pact <STL & P>5% and Generator
breaker closed.
• During the above condition the load controller output
tracks the speed controller output all the time with a
constant error of-150mV. This follow-mode ensure
that during above conditions, the load controller
should not come into action.
 Following Low (hvu)

• This mode is present one the breaker is

synchronized and speed controller is still in action.
During this mode the load controller output tracks
the speed controller output with error of –150mV
• load controller output can go more than speed
controller output (hence load controller can take
over) but it cannot go 150 mV below the speed
controller output.
• load controller can be taken into service anytime
without any delay
 3 Pressure Controller :-
• 3a) Initial Pressure Mode A Pressure deviation signal
(difference of required pressure as per load and actual
pressure ) is fed to the controller .As long the deviation
is more than + 150mV (Actual> required ) the pressure
controller output remains as maximum saturation. If
the deviation fall between 0 to +150mV, the output of
the pr. controller comes out from saturation & match
to the output of final minimum selection output
• As soon as the deviation becomes negative, the output
of the pressure control starts
• This mode comes when runback action comes into
picture or it is selected from console
 Pressure controller
3b Limit pressure mode
• The function of this mode is similar to the initial
pressure mode .The only difference being that biasing
of 10Kg/Cm2 is given in this loop. Hence, all the
action start after the pressure drops by more than
10Kg/Cm2.
• This mode is used when m/c is in load control; a
small pressure correction signal is also applied +/-
side to load set point control.
• This mode should be used once the load on turbo set
is stabilized.
 4 Control Transfer:-
• This loop receives the signal from speed controller
(hrnc), load controller(hr PC) and pr. controller
• a set of Max & Min selection and then final value
selected is passed on to position /admission controller
• hrnc> and <hr PC> pass through a maximum value
selector and the value selected is passed on to first MIN
value selection. 10.5v is added in <hrnc> and this value
is also fed to first Min value selector
• The value selected in first Min value selector is passed
on to the second MIN value selector along with output of
pressure controller output (hr PRC) The value selected
here is passed on the position / admission controller.
5 Position/admission Controller:
• Position Controller is the final control element in
EHC. It receives the signal from control transfer
• It receives feedback signal from Collins
transmitters.Two Collins transmitters are provided
• Selection one of two is through MIN value selector
(logic MAX selector)
• Plunger coil supplied in EHC is an integrator type.
The balance point of the coil is –1.0V
• Provision to switch ON/OFF the voltage supply to
plunger coil. Switching ON /OFF can be done only if
the output of position controller is > 100%.
 PLUNGER COIL RESPONSE

• STEP INPUT OF ORDER OF 2 VOLT DC

• COLLINS RESPONSE AT INPUT OF
CARD ( 1 ,2)
• EHC COIL RESPONSE
• HPCV RESPONSE, DELAY BY 1 SEC
 MIN

PI EHC
controller HP sec. oil
Plunger
Admission Coil
controller IP sec oil

AND

PLUNGER COIL
EHC>
ON/OFF PB
100%
Response of plunger coil/EHC

Step I/n

collins1or2

EHC coil Volt

HPCV1
openin
g
 LOAD SHEDDING RELAY
• LOAD shedding relay is used to support the function of
the turbine governor. A quick correction value input to
the hydraulic governor output & secondary oil pr. of
IPCV min speed building
• When acceleration time constant is very small or when
governor under load or pressure control.
• Sudden negative jump in load is detected electrically
instantaneously by the load shedding relay
• 200MW: Load throw off>40% & residual load<15% &
frequency>49 Hz
•  500 MW: Load throw off>50% & residual load<30% &
frequency>49 Hz in a response time of 100mili seconds.
Full load through off <6% the total interrogation time
for solenoids to energize is 1.25 seconds.
EHC: SPEED CONTROLLER
EHC: Load controller
 CONTROL TRANSFER LOGIC & ADMISSION CONT
ACTUALPR –SET
THROTTLE PR.
MIN
SUMMER
PI CONTR
COLLINS

10 KSC EHC
PI
MIN CONT. CONV
INITIAL PR. MODE

LOAD CONT

MAX MIN
SPEED CONT
100% -0-+100%

OVER SPEED LIMIT

105%
LOAD SHEDDING RELY SOLENOID VALVE
S IN OIL CIRCUIT
For example :- Turbine running at 3000 rpm
Output of speed controller at (50Kg/Cm2)=1.5V
Output of speed controller at (150Kg/Cm2)=0.8V
The pressure transmitter ranges is 0=250Kg/Cm2 = 0-10V for 4 to 20mA
The correction input as given with a gain of 0.05 and the overall gain of speed controller loo
p is 22.22
so net gain for correction signal =0.05x22.22=1.11
Hence correction input required at 50Kg Cm2 =1.5/1.11 =1.35v and correction input require
d at 150Kg/Cm2 =0.8/1.11=0.72V .Now two equation can be made with
Y=m x +C Y= Correction Signal
X = Pressure Signal ( 50 kg/cm2=2v, 150 kg/cm2=6v)
1.35=M x 2+C. .(1)
0.72=M x 6 +C. .(2)
 
By solving above two equation M = -0.16
C= 1.67
Gain (M) should be adjusted by potentiometer AB 099/R11 negative polarity of (M) is take
n care by feeding pressure signal to negative port of comparator .Biasing C can be adjusted
by Potentiometer AB 115/R 13
 
CONTROL TRANSFER LOGIG
& ADMISSION CONTROLLER