DIGITAL

SWITCHING
CONCEPTS

1
 Digital switching contd..
 A Digital switching system, in general, is
one in which signals are switched in digital
form. These signals may represent speech
or data. The digital signals of several
speech samples are time multiplexed on a
common media before being switched
through the system.

2
 Digital switching contd..
 To connect any two subscribers, it is necessary
to interconnect the time-slots of the two speech
samples which may be on same or different PCM
highways.
 The digitalised speech samples are switched in
two modes, viz., Time Switching and Space
Switching.
 This Time Division Multiplex Digital Switching
System is popularly known as Digital Switching
System(DSS).

3
 Digital switching contd..
 There are two types of DSS.

1) Space Division Switching

System
2) Time Division Switching
System

4
 Time and Space switching
 Generally, a digital switching system has several
time division multiplexed (PCM) samples. These
PCM samples are conveyed on PCM highways
(the common path over which many channels
can pass with separation achieved by time
division).
 Switching of calls in this environment , requires
placing digital samples from one time-slot of a
PCM multiplex in the same or different time-slot
of another PCM multiplex.

5
 Time and Space switching
 In the space-switching mode, corresponding
time-slots of I/C and O/G PCM highways are
interconnected.
 As a sample, in a given time-slot, TSi of an I/C
HWY, say HWY1, is switched to same time-slot,
TSi of an O/G HWY, SAY HWY2. Obviously there
is no delay in switching of the sample from one
highway to another highway since the sample
transfer takes place in the same time-slot of the
PCM frame
6
 Time and Space switching
 Time Switching, on the other hand, involves the
interconnection of different time-slots on the
incoming and outgoing highways by re-assigning
the channel sequence.
 For example, a time-slot TSx of an I/C Highway
can be connected to a different time-slot., TSy,
of the outgoing highway. In other words, a time
switch is, basically, a time-slot changer.

7
8
 Space Division Switching
 The Digital Space Switch consists of several
input highways, X1, X2,...Xn and several output
highways, Y1, Y2,.............Ym, inter connected
by a cross point matrix of n rows and m
columns. The individual cross point consists of
electronic AND gates. The operation of an
appropriate cross point connects any channel-a
of I/C PCM highway to the same channel-a of
O/G PCM highway, during each appropriate
time-slot which occurs once per frame
9
Space Division Switching Contd..
 Each cross point column, associated with one
O/G highway, is assigned a column of control
memory. The control memory has as many
words as there are time-slot per frame in the
PCM signal
 Each cross point in the column is assigned a
binary address, so that only one cross point per
column is closed during each time-slot. The
binary addresses are stored in the control
memory, in the order of timeslots.
10
Space Division Switching Contd..
 As an Example, Consider the transfer of a
sample arriving in TS7 of I/C HWY X1 to
O/G HWY Y3. Since this is a space switch,
there will be no reordering of time i.e., the
sample will be transferred without any
time delay, via the appropriate cross point.
In other words, the objective is to
connect TS7 of HWY X1 and TS7 of HWY
Y3.
11
 Space Division Switching Contd..
 The central control (CC) selects the control
memory column corresponding output
highway Y3. In this column, the memory
location corresponding to the TS7 is
chosen. The address of the cross point is
written in this location.
 This cross point remains operated for the
duration of the time-slot TS7, in each
successive frame till the call lasts.
12
Space Division Switching Contd..
 For disconnection of call, the CC erases
the contents of the control memory
locations, corresponding to the concerned
time-slots. The AND gates, therefore, are
disabled and transfer of samples is halted.

13
 Time Division Switching
 A Digital Time Switch consists of two
memories, viz., a speech or buffer
memory to store the samples till
destination time-slots arrive, and a control
or connection or address memory to
control the writing and reading of the
samples in the buffer memory and
directing them on to the appropriate time-
slots.
14
 Time Division Switching Contd..
 Speech memory has as many storage
locations as the number of time-slots in
input PCM,
e.g., 32 locations for 32 channel PCM
system.

15
 Time Division Switching Contd..
 The writing/reading operations in the speech
memory are controlled by the Control Memory.
It has same number of memory locations as for
speech memory, i.e., 32 locations for 32 channel
PCM system.
 Each location contains the address of one of the
speech memory locations where the channel
sample is either written or read during a time-
slot.
 These addresses are written in the control
memory of the CC of the exchange, depending
upon the connection objective.
16
 TST Network
 As the name suggests, in a TST network,
there are two time stages separated by a
space stage. The former carry out the
function of time-slot changing, whereas
the latter performs highway jumping.

17
 TST Network Contd..
 For the sake of explanation, let us assume that
there are only four I/C and O/G PCM highways
in the network. Hence, there will be only four
time switches in each of the T stages and the
space switch will consist of 4x4 matrix. let us
consider an objective of connecting two
subscribers through this switching network of
local exchange, assuming that the CC assigns
TS4 on HWY0 to the calling party and TS6 on
HWY3 to the called party.
18
 TST Network Contd..
 The speech samples of the calling party
have to be carried from TS4 of I/C HWY 0
and to TS6 of O/G HWY3 and those of the
called party from TS6 of I/C HWY 3 to TS4
of O/G HWY 0 , with the help of the
network.

19
 TST Network Contd..
 The CC establishes the path, through the
network in three steps. To introduce
greater flexibility, it uses an intermediate
time-slot, TSx, which is also known as
internal time-slot. The three switching
steps for transfer of speech sample of the
calling party to the called party are as ..

20
 TST Network Contd..
 Step 1 Input Time Stage (IT) TS4 HWY0
to TSx HWY0
 Step 2 Space stage (S)Tsx HWY0 to Tsx
HWY3
 Step 3 Output Time Stage (OT)Tsx HWY3
to TS6 HWY3

21
 TST Network Contd..
 As the message can be conveyed only in
one direction through this path, another
independent path, to carry the massage in
the other direction is also established by
the CC, to complete the connection

22
TIME DIVISION SWG

23
Thank You

24