Topic 1 The World Through Our Senses

Topic 1 The World
Through Our Senses
1.1 Sensory Organs
ITeach – Science Form 2

Topic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Sensory Organs
Sensory Organs
Very important
To detect changes around us
Tongue To taste
Ear To hear
Sensory
organs
Skin To touch
Nose To smell
Eye To see
Sensory Organs
Pathway
Pathway From
From Stimulus
Stimulus To
To Response
Response
Nerve
Receptors impulses Nerve
Stimulus in sensory Nerves impulses
organs
Effectors Nerve
(e.g. impulses
Response Nerves Nerve
muscles,
glands) impulses

Topic 1 The World
Through Our Senses
1.2 Sense of Touch

Sense of Touch
Human Skin
 Can detect changes

 Largest organ
in temperature, pain,
in the body
touch and pressure
ITeach – Sains Form 2

Sense of Touch
Skin Structure
Epidermis Dermis
(Outer Layer) (Inner layer)
 Waterproof Contains :
 Blood vessels
 Tough
 Sweat glands
 Act as a
protective layer  Receptors
Sense of Touch
Skin Structure
Hair
Touch Heat
receptor receptor
Epidermis
Pain Dermis
receptor
Fatty layer
Sweat gland
Blood
Pressure Cold receptor
vessel
receptor
Sense of Touch
Differs at different
parts of the body
Sensitivity
Sensitivity of
of skin
skin
Depends on
 Thickness of  Number of
epidermis receptors

Sense of Touch
Parts
Parts Sensitive
Sensitive To
To Touch
Touch
More sensitive Less sensitive
to touch to touch
 Lips  Elbow
 Behind of the ears  Knee
 Fingertips  Palm of the hand
 The back of neck  Buttocks

Topic 1 The World
Through Our Senses
1.3 Sense of Smell

Sense of Smell
Nose
Nose
Helps
Helps breathing
breathing and
and smelling
smelling
Nerve Sensory
from the cell
brain
Nasal
cavity
Nostril
Air current

Sense of Smell
Pathway
Pathway of
of Smell
Smell Detection
Detection
Chemicals
Chemicals dissolves Brain
in vapour in mucus Nerve
form enters lining and impulse
nasal cavity stimulates
receptors
Brain
Smell is
interprets
identified
the impulse
Sense of Smell
Sensitivity
Sensitivity of
of
Nose
Nose
Depends on

The
The strength
strength 
The
The presence
presence
of
of smell
smell of
of mucous
mucous

Topic 1 The World
Through Our Senses
1.4 Sense of Taste

Sense of Taste
Sweet
To detect Sour
Tongue
taste Bitter
Salty
Bitter (bitter gourd, black

coffee without sugar)
Sour Sour (lime, vinegar)
Salty Salty (salt)
Sweet (honey, ice-cream)

Sense of Taste
The
The pathway
pathway of
of Taste
Taste Detection
Detection
Chemicals
from food Brain
dissolves in Nerve
Food is
saliva and impulse
chewed
stimulates
receptors in
taste bud
Brain
Taste is
interprets
identified
the taste
Topic 1 The World
Through Our Senses
1.5 Sense of Hearing

Sense of Hearing
Helps to hear
Ear
Ear
Consists of 3 main parts
Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear

Sense of Hearing
Oval Semicircular
Ossicles window canals
Auditory
nerve
Eardrum
Pinna
Cochlea
Auditory
canal
Eustachian
tube

Sense of Hearing
Hearing Mechanism
(a) Pinna (b) Auditory (c) Eardrum (d) Ossicles

canal
Brain (f) Auditory (e) Cochlea Oval
nerves window
Topic 1 The World
Through Our Senses
1.6 Sense of Sight

Sense of Sight
 Helps to see
Human  Slightly flattened ball

Eye
 The front of eye is
protected by eyelid
 The Eyeball is  Sclera
made of 3 layers  Choroid
 Retina

Sense of Sight
 Helps to see
Ciliary body
 Slightly flattened  Sclera
ball
Conjunctiva
Human Eye
 The front of eye is
Sunspensory  Choroid
ligaments Sclera
protected by eyelid
Choroid
 The Eyeball is
Iris
made of 3 layers
 Retina
Retina
Cornea Yellow spot
Ciliary body (fovea)
Pupil Conjunctiva Blind spot
Suspensory
Aqueous
ligaments
humour Optic nerve
Iris Vitreous Sclera
Choroid
Eye muscle
humour
Retina
Cornea
Pupil Yellow spot (fovea)
Aqueous Blind spot
humour
Vitreous Optic nerve
Eye muscle
humour
Sense of Sight
Structures and Functions of Human Eye
Sclera - Protects and maintains the shape of

the eyeball
Cornea - Allows light to enter the eye and

focuses it on the retina
Lens - Refracts and focuses the light to form an

image on the retina
Choroid - Supplies food and oxygen to the eye,

absorb and avoid light reflection in eye
Sense of Sight
Pupil - Controls amount of light to enter the eye
Suspensory ligament - Supports and holds the

lens in place
Ciliary muscle - Changes the thickness of the

lens
Aqueous humour – Maintain the shape of eyeball
Conjunctiva - Protects the cornea

Sense of Sight
Retina - Detects light stimulus and produces

nerve impulses
Vitreous humour - Maintains the shape of the eye

- Refracts light onto the retina
Yellow spot - Most sensitive spot to light where
object seen will be focused here
Blind spot - Not sensitive to light, light fall on it
cannot be detected
Iris - Controls the size of pupil and amount of
light entering the eye
Sense of Sight
The Sight Mechanism
Object light travels through refracts light Aqueous

Cornea
reflects or humour
gives out light
refracts light
focuses the light controls the amount
Vitreous rays of light
Lens Pupil
humour
refracts light
sensitive to light
rays sends impulses
Retina Optic nerve Brain
Interprets the message
Light rays from object In upright position Object

is seen
Image
 Real
 Inverted
 Diminished
Sense of Sight
 To see clearly, light rays has to be

focused onto the retina.
How do we see?
 Hence, the lens change its thickness
by the action of the ciliary body.

Topic 1 The World
Through Our Senses
1.7 Light and Sight

Light and Sight
 A form of energy.
 Travels in straight line at the speed of 3 x
108 m/s.
Light
Light  Can be reflected – light bounces off the
surface of an object.
 Can be refracted – light bends when it
enters a medium of different density.
Reflection Refraction
Light and Sight
Happen when image is not

formed on the retina
Vision
Defects
 Short-
 Astigmatism  Presbyopia
sightedness
 Long-
 Colour-blindness
sightedness

Light and Sight
Short-Sightedness
Short-Sightedness
Lens too thick
Rays from
distant object
Image is focused in Sharp image is

Concave
front of the retina formed on the retina
lens
Eyeball too long
Rays from
distant object

Light and Sight
Long-Sightedness
Long-Sightedness
Lens too thin

Rays from
near object
Light is not focused

on the retina and the
Sharp image is
image is formed Convex lens
Eyeball too short behind the retina formed on the
retina
Rays from
near object

Light and Sight

Due
Duetotoreduce
reducenumber
number of
of
colour
colour receptors
receptorsor
or

Due
Dueto
todefects
defects of
of colour
colour
receptors
receptors
Colour
Colour
Blindness
Blindness 
Not
Not able
abletoto differentiate
differentiate
some
some or
or all
all colours
colours

Cannot
Cannot be
becorrected
corrected

Light and Sight
Astigmatism
Astigmatism
 Due to
irregular  Causes blur
curvature of vision
cornea or lens
 Can be
corrected with
cylindrical
lenses

Light and Sight
 Brain cannot
interpret correctly
Optical
illusions
 Brain is confused
by conditions
Limitations around the object
of Sight
 Images fall on the

Blind spot parts without
photo receptors

Telescope
A telescope is an
instrument that
aids in the
observation of
remote objects
Magnifying glass
A magnifying
glass is a convex
lens that is used to
produce a
magnified image of
an object.
Binoculars
Binoculars, are a
pair of identical
telescopes
allowing the viewer
to use both eyes
when viewing
distant objects.
Periscope
A periscope is an
instrument for
observation from a
concealed position.
It allows a
submarine to see
objects on the
surface of the water
Microscope
Microscope is used
to observe tiny
objects.
Ultrasound
machine
Ultrasound machine
is used to scan
internal organs.
Magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic
resonance
imaging (MRI) is a
medical imaging
technique used to
visualize internal
structures of the
body in detail.
Light and Sight
Stereoscopic and Monocular
Vision
 Can see 3 dimensional

image
Stereoscopic  Can estimate distance and
Vision position accurately
 Example : Human, cat
Narrow vision field or each eye
Visual field
Visual field
of right eye
of left eye
Overlapping
visual field

Light and Sight
Stereoscopic and Monocular
Vision
 Visual fields not overlap

 Have wide field of vision
Monocular
Vision  Can detect predator easily
 Example : fish, bird
Wide angle of vision for
each eye
No overlapping visual fields

Topic 1 The World
Through Our Senses
1.8 Sound and Hearing

Sound and Hearing
Sound
Sound
 A form of energy produced

by vibrations
 Sound needs a medium to
travel
 Sound travels fastest in
solid, slowest in air
 Sound can be reflected
 Sound can be absorbed
 Sound is best absorbed by

soft, hollow and rough
surfaces. Example pillow,
sponge
Sound and Hearing
Deafness
Hearing
Defects
 Damage to
the hearing  Tearing of  Infection of
centre of the eardrum the ossicles
brain
 Damage to
 Damage to
the sensory
the auditory
cells of
nerves
cochlea

Sound and Hearing
Limitations of Hearing  Microphone : transmit loud

sound over a distance
 The hearing range for
human is 20 Hz to 20 000  Hearing-aid : amplify sound
Hz
 Stethoscope : listen to heart
 Devices to help hearing
beat

Sound and Hearing
 Able to hear with both ears
Stereophonic
Stereophonic
Hearing
Hearing
 Able to determine direction
of sound

Topic 1 The World
Through Our Senses
1.9 Stimuli and Responses In Plant

Stimuli and Responses In Plant
 Plants respond to stimuli

like water, gravity, light,
touch, temperature and
chemicals.
 Plant respond by
Stimuli and
growing in certain
Responses directions called
In Plants tropisms.
 Plants respond slower

and lasts longer compare
to human’s response.

Stimuli and Responses In Plant
Type of Response in
Plants
Nastic movement
Cucumber plant
 mimosa pudica plant folds it
leaves when touched Tendril curls
around
Hydrotropism – response to water
support
 roots grow towards water
Geotropism – response to gravity
 roots grow downwards

 shoots grow upwards
Phototropism – response to light
 shoots grow toward light Maize plant grow

Thigmotropism – response to touch towards light Water
or contact with a solid structure
 Plants with weak stem wrap their
tendrils around a supporting structure

Topic 1 The World Through Our Senses

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Topic 1 The World

Through Our Senses

1.1 Sensory Organs

ITeach – Science Form 2

ITeach – Science Form 2

1.2 Sense of Touch

ITeach – Science Form 2

 Can detect changes

ITeach – Sains Form 2

ITeach – Science Form 2

 Behind of the ears  Knee

 Fingertips  Palm of the hand

 The back of neck  Buttocks

ITeach – Science Form 2

1.3 Sense of Smell

ITeach – Science Form 2

ITeach – Sains Form 2

ITeach – Science Form 2

1.4 Sense of Taste

ITeach – Science Form 2

Bitter (bitter gourd, black

Sweet (honey, ice-cream)

1.5 Sense of Hearing

ITeach – Science Form 2

Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear

ITeach – Science Form 2

ITeach – Science Form 2

(a) Pinna (b) Auditory (c) Eardrum (d) Ossicles

1.6 Sense of Sight

ITeach – Science Form 2

Human  Slightly flattened ball

ITeach – Science Form 2

Sclera - Protects and maintains the shape of

Cornea - Allows light to enter the eye and

Lens - Refracts and focuses the light to form an

Choroid - Supplies food and oxygen to the eye,

Pupil - Controls amount of light to enter the eye

Suspensory ligament - Supports and holds the

Ciliary muscle - Changes the thickness of the

Aqueous humour – Maintain the shape of eyeball

Conjunctiva - Protects the cornea

Retina - Detects light stimulus and produces

Vitreous humour - Maintains the shape of the eye

Object light travels through refracts light Aqueous

Interprets the message

Light rays from object In upright position Object

 To see clearly, light rays has to be

ITeach – Science Form 2

1.7 Light and Sight

ITeach – Science Form 2

Happen when image is not

ITeach – Science Form 2

Image is focused in Sharp image is

ITeach – Science Form 2

Lens too thin

Light is not focused

ITeach – Science Form 2

ITeach – Science Form 2

ITeach – Science Form 2

 Images fall on the

ITeach – Science Form 2

 Can see 3 dimensional

ITeach – Science Form 2