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Partition Function
wf
S S f Si k ln w f k ln wi k ln
wi
N!
wi 1
N !0!
N! N!
wf
( N / 2)!( N / 2)! ( N / 2)! 2
j
g je
j 1
n
j
g je Z Partition Function
j 1
j
g je
Nj N
Z
g je
j
j 1
n
j g je
j
n
j N j U N j 1
n
g je
j 1 j
j 1
Z
U ln Z
N Z
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Cl 10
Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution
n ( N j g j 1)! n g j!
wBE wFD
j 1 N j !( g j 1)! j 1 N j !( g j N j )!
Nj Nj
n g n g
wB N ! wMB
j j
j 1 N j! j 1 N j!
dU j dN j N j d j
j j
d j
j j ( X ), so d j dX
dX
d j
dU j dN j N j dX
j j dX
d j
Call N j Y
j dX
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Cl 13
Relation to Thermodynamics
d j d j
dU j dN j N j dX and j N j dX Y
j j dX
dU j dN j YdX This is like
j
U
S Nk (ln Z ln N 1)
T
U
F U TS U T NkT (ln Z ln N 1)
T
F NkT (ln Z ln N 1)
N N
kT ln so ln
Z kT Z
N
Then e kT
Z
So,
kT
N g e
j
j N e j
j 1 j 1
N
e n
g e
j
j
j 1
j
g je
Nj N n
g je
j
j 1
Nj 1
j
fj Boltzmann
gj e
Nj 1
j
fj Bose - Einstein
gj e 1
Nj 1
j
fj Fermi - Dirac
gj e 1
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Cl 23
Distributions
Nj 1
j
fj Boltzmann
gj
e kT
Nj 1
j
fj Bose - Einstein
gj
e kT
1
Nj 1
j
fj Fermi - Dirac
gj
e kT
1
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Cl 24
Ideal Gas
3/ 2
2 mkT
Z V 2
h
F NkT (ln Z ln N 1)
3 2 mkT
F NkT ln V ln 2
ln N 1
2 h
3 2 mkT
F NkT ln V ln 2
ln N 1
2 h
F 1
P NkT
V T , N V
PV NkT nRT
n 0 n 0 n0
1 1
x n
for e βε
1.
n 0 1 x 1 e
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Cl 29
Heat Capacity of Solids
30
25
20
Cv (J/K)
15
10
5
0
-5 0 100 200 300 400
T (K)