Saponification

Process of making soap from animal fat or vegetable oil using a base.

O
CH2 – O – C – (CH2)14CH3 CH2 – OH
O O
CH – O – C – (CH2)14CH3 + 3 NaOH CH – OH + 3 Na+ -OC – (CH2)14CH3
O
CH2 – O – C – (CH2)14CH3 CH2 – OH

glyceryl tripalmitate sodium glycerol 3 sodium palmitate

(tripalmitin) hydroxide (soap)
 A Phospholipid

polar head

nonpolar tails

(a) chemical structure of a phospholipid

nonpolar tails
polar head
(b) simplified way to draw a phospholipid
Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 576
 A Model of a Cell Membrane

Polar

Nonpolar

Phospholipid
Cholesterol Proteins bilayer

Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 587

Formation of a Triglyceride
 Stearic Acid

Fatty acid
Carboxylic acid group

Soap
COO- bonds to a metal ion (Na+)

Na+

H+ lost from COOH

Kelter, Carr, Scott, Chemistry A Wolrd of Choices 1999, page 257

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.
 Sodium
stearate:
a soap

Sodium
dodecyl
sulfate:
a detergent

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

 Cleaning Action
of Soap
Micelle

Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 573

 Micelle

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

 micelle

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

 SOAP vs. DETERGENT
-- made from animal and -- made from petroleum
vegetable fats -- works better in hard
water
Hard water contains minerals w/ions like Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe3+
that
replace Na1+ at polar end of soap molecule. Soap is changed
into
an insoluble precipitate (i.e., soap scum).

micelle: a liquid droplet covered

w
/soap or detergent molecules
 Solvation

““Like
Like Dissolves
Dissolves Like”
Like”
NONPOLAR

POLAR
NONPOLAR POLAR
 Solvation
• Soap / Detergent
– polar “head” with long nonpolar “tail”
– dissolves nonpolar grease in polar water

micelle