Chemical Bonding

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 Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to :
a) Write the Lewis dot symbol for an atom.
b) State the octet rule and describe how atoms obtain the
octet configuration.
c) Describe the formation of
i. Ionic or electrovalent bond.
ii. Covalent bond using Lewis structure.
d) Draw Lewis structure of covalent compound with single,
double and triple bonds.
e) Explain bond polarity and dipole moment in linear molecule.
f) Identify intermolecular forces:
i. van der Waal’s forces:
- Dipole-dipole or permanent dipole interactions.
- London forces or dispersion forces.
ii. Hydrogen bonding. 2
 Lewis dot symbol

 Consists of the symbol of an

element.
 One dot for each valence electron
in an atom of the element.
 Element in the same group, has
same number of valence electrons
so it has same number of dots.

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 Write The Lewis Dot
Symbol
1. Place one dot at a time on the four
sides (top, right, bottom, left) of the
element symbol.
2. Pair up the dot until all are used.
3. Specific placement of dot is not
important, Lewis dot symbol of
nitrogen can also be written as,

N or N or N
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 Exercise 1
Circle the correct Lewis dot
symbol:

1. 2.

3. 4.

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 Exercise 2
Valence Lewis dot
Group Element
electron symbol
1 Lithium 1 Li
2 Beryllium 2 Be
13 Boron 3 B
14 Carbon 4 C
15 Nitrogen 5 N
16 Oxygen 6 O
17 Flourine 7 F 6
 OCTET RULE

Tendency for elements to gain, lose

or share electrons, so that the
valence shell is surrounded with
eight electrons in order to achieve
stability.

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 Stability of Atoms
 Atoms combine in order to achieve a more
stable electronic configuration.
 Maximum stability results when an atom is
isoelectronic with a noble gas.
 Atom can achieve noble gas configuration
through :
(a) transfer of electron (gaining or losing).
(b) sharing of electron.

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 (a) Transfer of electron

Na + Cl [Na + Cl ] [Na+ Cl -
]
metal nonmetal Electron from Na are Ionic
atom atom transfer to Cl compound

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 1s2 2s2 2p6

isoelectronic isoelectronic
with Ne with Ar

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(b) Sharing the electron
nonmetal nonmetal covalent
atom atom compound

Cl + Cl Cl Cl

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

isoelectronic
with Ar

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 Lewis Dot Symbol
Vs
Lewis Dot Structure

Cl + Cl Cl Cl

Lewis Dot Symbol Lewis Dot Structure

Lone Pair electrons

Cl Cl Cl Cl
Electron Pair Bond
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 Exercise 3
a) Give the number of valence electrons for
Ba, As, and Br. Draw the Lewis dot symbol
for each of these element.
b) Draw Lewis dot symbol for F and O atoms.
c) Draw Lewis dot structure for F2 and O2
molecules and identify electron pair bond
and lone pair electrons.

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 Ionic or Electrovalent bond

The formation of Ionic bonds:

1. Formed by the electrostatic forces.
– Between cation (+ve) and anion (-ve)
through electron transfer.
2. Metal elements will donate electron.
3. Nonmetal elements receive electron.

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 Example 1
• Formation of NaCl

Na + Cl [Na + Cl ] [Na]+[ Cl ] -
Sodium chlorine 1 electron from Na are Sodium Chloride
atom atom transfer to Cl

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 1s2 2s2 2p6

isoelectronic isoelectronic
with Ne with Ar

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 Formation of NaCl

• Lewis structure for formation NaCl can be

write as,

Na + Cl [Na]+[ Cl ]-
Sodium Chlorine Sodium Chloride
atom atom

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 Example 2

• Formation of LiF

Li + F [Li + F ] [Li]+[ F ] -
Lithium Fluorine 1 electron from Li are Lithium fluoride
atom atom transfer to F

1s2 2s2 2p5 1s2 2s2 2p6

1s2 2s1 1s2

isoelectronic
isoelectronic
with He
with Ne
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 Formation of LiF

• Lewis structure for formation LiF can be

write as,

Li + F [Li]+ [ F ] -
Lithium Fluorine Lithium Fluoride
atom atom

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 Example 3

• Formation of MgO

Mg + O [ Mg + O ] [Mg]2+ [ O ] 2-
Magnesium Oxygen 2 electron from Mg are Magnesium
atom atom transfer to O oxide

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 Formation of MgO
• Lewis structure for formation MgO can be
write as,

Mg + O [Mg]2+ [ O ] 2-
Magnesium Oxygen Magnesium
atom atom oxide

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 Exercise 1
Draw Lewis structure for the formation of
following ionic compounds ;
1. KF
2. BaO
3. Na2O

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 Covalent bond
• Formed by sharing 1 or more pairs of
valence electrons between nonmetal
atoms (group 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ,18).
• When two atoms form a covalent bond, an
atomic orbital on one of them are
overlaps with an atomic orbital of the
other.
• By overlapping, we mean that the two
orbital's share some common region in
space.

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Why should two atoms share
electrons?

Chlorine Chlorine Chlorine

atom atom gas

Cl + Cl Cl Cl

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

isoelectronic
with Ar

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 Example 4
• Lewis Structure Formation of F2

Flourine Flourine Flourine

atom atom gas

F + F F F

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 Single Bond
• A covalent bond formed when 2 atoms
share a pair of e
• Represents by dash (-) between 2 atoms
• Example: HCl and HF

H Cl H F

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 Double Bond
• A covalent bond formed when 2 atoms
share 2 pairs of electron
• Represents by double dash (=) between 2
atoms
• Example: O2

O O or O=O
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 Triple bond
• A covalent bond formed when 2 atoms
share 3 pairs of electron.
• Represents by triple dash () between 2
atoms.
• Example : N2

N N or NN
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How to draw the Lewis
structure for molecules
(step by step method)

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 Species Step

NF3

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H2O

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CO2

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 Exercise 2
Draw Lewis structure for the following
compounds
1. HBr
2. BeF2
3. CS2
4. HCN

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 Bond Polarity

no Polar Covalent
If =0
molecules
yes
covalent bond only!!!
Nonpolar Covalent  = dipole moment
molecules

Intermolecular Forces

van der Waal’s hydrogen bond

dipole-dipole forces attraction of atom H of a

molecule with atom
F, O, N of another
London dispersion forces molecules. 32
 Polar Bond

A bond between atoms of different

electronegativities in which the distribution
of the density of the bonding electron pair
is asymmetrical.

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 Bond Polarity
• Bond polarity is a useful concept for
describing the sharing of electrons
between atoms.
• A nonpolar covalent bond - the
electrons are shared equally between
two atoms.
• A polar covalent bond - one atom has a
greater attraction for the electrons than
the other atom.

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 Dipole Moment (μ)
• Physical property which determines the
asymmetry of a charge distribution.
• A measure of bond polarity.
• A polar covalent bond has μ ≠ 0.
• Nonpolar covalent bond has μ = 0.
• The direction of polarity of a polar bond can
be symbolized by a vector quantity.

• The crossed end of the arrow is the positive

end and the arrow head is the negative end.
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 Example 1
Hydrogen Fluoride – HF

-F -F
δ+ δ-
H H
The bond is a polar covalent bond.
Fluorine atom has greater electronegativity
than the hydrogen atom.
The fluorine atom attracts electron density
away from the hydrogen.
Fluorine will have a greater share of the
bonding electrons and therefore a partial
negative charge.
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 -F -F
δ+ δ-
H H
Hydrogen is less electronegative so it will have
a lesser share of the bonding electrons and
therefore a partial positive charge.
Since the bond has two 'poles' or 'ends' it is
sometimes referred to as a dipole.
The arrow indicates the "pull" of electrons off
the hydrogen and towards the more
electronegative atom.

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 Nonpolar covalent molecules
•Covalent bond between atoms of the same
element is nonpolar.
•Same element – no different in electronegativity.
•Bonding electrons are shared equally.
•Example:
a) F2 b) O2 c) O3 d) N2
•Generally covalent bond between different
atoms is polar molecules, where µ ≠ 0.
•However, molecules could be polar or nonpolar,
depending on its geometry.
•We will focus on linear molecules structure. 38
 Example 2
Carbon dioxide – CO2
δ- δ+ δ-
O=C=O μ = 0

• C - O bond is polar since oxygen is more

electronegative than carbon.
• These bonds are arranged symmetrically (all
angles are 180o).
• So that the two dipoles cancel out resulting in
no net dipole for the molecule.
• CO2 nonpolar covalent molecule.
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 Intermolecular Forces
• Intermolecular forces are attractive forces
between molecules.
• Generally much weaker than covalent bonds.
• The strength of intermolecular forces determines
the physical properties of the substances, i.e
boiling point and solubility.

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 Intermolecular Forces

Van Der Waal’s forces Hydrogen Bond

Dipole-dipole or permanent dipole interaction

London forces or Dispersion forces

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 Relative strength of
Intermolecular Forces

< <
Dispersion Dipole-dipole Hydrogen
forces forces bonds

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Dipole-dipole or permanent dipole
interaction
• Occur between molecules that have
permanent net dipoles (polar molecules).
• example, dipole-dipole interactions occur
between HCl, LiF and CH3Cl molecules.
• The partial positive charge on one
molecule is electrostatically attracted to
the partial negative charge on a
neighbouring molecule.

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A dipole-dipole forces Orientation of
exist between neutral Polar Molecules in
polar molecules. a Solid

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London forces / Dispersion
forces
• Intermolecular force operating between non-
polar molecules when they are close
together.
• Example, dispersion forces between H2
molecules, Cl2 molecules, CO2 molecules.
• Attraction between molecules because of
“instantaneous dipole” occurring due to
unequal electron distributions.
• Induce a dipole on the neighboring atom and
molecule.
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 Hydrogen Bond
• Attraction between the hydrogen atom of
an X-H and Y, where X and Y are atoms of
highly electronegative elements and Y has
a lone pair of electron.
• Common highly electronegative elements
are F, O and N

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 Types of Hydrogen Bond [X-H --- :Y]

N-H --- :N- O-H --- :N- F-H --- :N-

N-H --- :O- O-H --- :O- F-H --- :O-

N-H --- :F- O-H --- :F- F-H --- :F-

Note
--- = attraction 47
hydrogen bonding

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