Unit 2

Part 1: Matter

Remember: Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, and

properties of matter

→ Today’s Objective: To learn

1) what makes up matter
2) And how matter is classified and changed
 What is matter?
Matter - anything that has mass and
takes up space
○ Collection of individual atoms
○ Collection of molecules

states of matter
● solid
○ general properties
■ crystalline – ex salt, diamond
■ amorphous – ex glass, rubber, plastic
● liquid
○ general properties
● gases
○ general properties
○ gas vs vapor
Classifying Matter
● pure substance
○ element
○ compound
■ general properties
● fixed composition
● own unique properties
● can only be broken by chemical means
(resulting in changed composition)
 mixtures
● general properties
■ Contains two or more pure substances
■ Physically combined
● retain the properties of the original substances
■ separate by physical means
● homogeneous mixture Matter classification

○ uniform composition throughout

● heterogeneous mixture
○ Varying composition throughout

Draw the flowchart →

 Which of the boxes at the left (there maybe
more than one correct box) contain:

B 1) element
___

C 2) compound
___

A 3) mixture of elements
___

Not
E- 4) mixture of compounds
___
Element
compound
not
touching

___
D 5) mixture of compounds & elements
compound

B /___
A 6) only atoms; no molecules

C
/ ___
E- 7) only molecules, no separate atoms
 Physical vs Chemical Properties
● properties
● physical property
○ examples – odor, texture, color, density, melting point, mass
● chemical property
○ examples – flammability of gasoline, reactivity of alkali metals, ability
of iron to rust

Practice Problem
Determine whether each property is physical or chemical.
a) The explosiveness of hydrogen gas Chemical
b) The bronze color of copper chemical
c) The shiny appearance of silver physical
d) The ability of dry ice to sublime physical
 Physical vs Chemical Changes
● physical change
○ examples – phase changes, grinding, cutting
● chemical change
○ examples – rusting, combustion, digestion, cooking
○ chemical reaction "" "" & "° "

■ Reactants

■ Products g
Ex: 4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g) ->2 Fe2O3(s)
2 C4H10(l) + 13 O2(g) -> 8 CO2(g) + 10 H2O(g)
How to recognize chemical changes
We use indicators of a chemical reaction
%
1) color change ,

49cg %
2) heat transfer
Or ✗

c¥É%¥a¥se%ne
go
"
3) gas formation ¥9s %
,

%¥k¢
,

4) precipitate formation on

5) Sometimes irreversible
Researcher: Separation of Mixtures
With the partner assigned below, research the following lab techniques:
distillation, filtration, chromatography, and evaporation.

● Create a JamBoard to collaborate on the creation of your board

○ Include things like title of the lab technique, pictures, and identify
the physical property used in the technique.

Using the results of your research, complete the Task on the next slide with your
group.

● Create a flowchart on the second slide of your JamBoard to illustrate your

plan to separate the sample.
○ Do not forget to label the resulting sample at each step of separation
as a mixture or pure substance.
Materials needed
• bar magnet • filter paper
• 100 mL beaker (2) • 40 mL of water
• funnel • tablespoon of sample
• spatula

Task: You have been hired as a chemical consultant for BISS Industries. BISS
supplies major fast food restaurants with the basic ingredients for hamburger
patties. During a recent accident the silos housing the ingredients were filled
beyond capacity and the structures failed, allowing the contents of all the silos
to mix. BISS needs your help to determine if mixtures have chemically bonded and
if there is hope for separating the components so that they can continue their
thriving business. Using intelligent reasoning your partnership will work to
devise a plan to separate the given “sample” into its 4 components and identify
if the “sample” is a pure substance or mixture at each stage of separation.

Hint: The 4 components of the mixture are Beans, Iron, Sand, and Salt
Separating substances through physical means
● decanting

● distillation
○ separation of two miscible (soluble) liquids or soluble solute in a
liquid solvent
○ process uses vaporization and condensation
○ volatile liquid – easily vaporizes
● filtration
 MIXTURE

Filtration ● What property of the substances in the

mixture is useful in filtration?
● which one goes through the filter?
● Which one stays on the filter?
● will all of the soluble substance go
through?

RESIDUE and FILTRATE

● how can we ensure that all of the

soluble substance goes through?
● how can you retrieve the pure
substance from the filtrate?
● Is the residue a mixture or pure
substance?
Evaporation
● Why should you use
the watch glass?

● When should you use

the watch glass?
Mass of Mixture
mass of Substance 1

+ mass of substance 2

+ mass of substance 3

Mass of mixture

● The mass of each substance is conserved

through physical changes
Mass of Chemical Reaction
4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g) -> 2 Fe2O3(s)

mass of reactants = mass of products

The mass is conserved through chemical changes

 Law of Conservation of Mass
Problem
1) If 44.3 grams of carbon dioxide react
completely with 18.5 grams of water, what is
the mass of the carbonic acid formed?
Law of Conservation of Mass Problem
2) 12 grams octane gas combines with 43 grams of
oxygen in a combustion reaction. The reaction
produces 37 grams of carbon dioxide. How many
grams of water form?
Warm Up
Convert 275 KJ to J
Unit 2
Part 2: Energy

Remember: Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, and

properties of matter

→ Today’s Objective: To explore how matter undergoes energy changes

Energy
● energy
● work
● law of conservation of energy
● kinetic energy
● potential energy
● electrical energy
● thermal energy
● chemical energy
Unit of energy
● joule (J) – SI derived unit
○ kg m2/s2
● calorie (cal) Calorie and calorie

are different

● Calorie (Cal or kilocalories)

○ 1 kilocalorie (Cal) = 1000 calorie
○ 4.18 J = 1 calorie
● kilowatt-hour (kWh)
○ 1 kilowatt-hour = 3.60 x 106 J
Problems
1) Convert 275 kJ to cal.
2751k ✗
10,01¥ 2"q,#°°? 65800cal

2) A Hershey’s bar contains 215 Cal of

energy. How many kJ does it contain?
215 kcal total I KJ
× 4. 18 ☒
×
×
898.7
=

1 k¥ I # ☒ ±
899 KJ

3) Convert 176 cal to kilowatt-hours (kWh)

176 # ✗

4; ✗

3. go
4,06k¥ ! 73%6%3.6=204×10 -6kWh
2. 04 ✗ 10 -4kWh
Energy and chemical and Physical Change
● physical change vs chemical change
● exothermic reaction - activated complex
-

unstable

○ release energy so exothermic process

hybrid molecule
chemical reaction

○ system loses; surroundings gain 0

E- a ≠ AH

energy ammoont Of energy

heat Of lost ↳

○ ∆H = ¢3
exothermic to

-
needed create a chemical
↳
proles activation reaction .

energy
in heat is the AH is t
taking
↳ potential
-
when

○ hot energy AH -0
↳ ↳
potential emerge " sin

○ A -> B + energy is

form
lost
of
in the

heat
( SH / ) Potential
energy

○ the products have less potential Chemical reaction

change

breaking and forming due to

-

bonds are
particrecolitionsg
have to
-
particles Glide
↳ reactants

energy the reactants

○ gas -> liquid -> solid
- -

AH -

SH -

motion
 Endothermic
○ gains or absorbs energy Transition State

Energy lost
R: E-

○ system gains; surroundings lose

a

" tant
"

from Ea →
groundings
Reverse reaction
gaining Transfer
energy

○ ∆H = +
↓
At =
-

J
Energy lost AH -

AH +

↳ difference between

○ cold
products and reactants

○ A + energy -> B R: products

○ products have more potential

energy than the reactants
←

○ solid ~
-> liquid -> gas
AH +
¥+7
\/
they take in energy be
kinetic
they need more

energy
?⃝
Temperature
● temperature average kinetic
energy

● heat
● Fahrenheit (oF) scale
○ water freezes at 32oF and boils at 212oF
● Celsius (oC) scale
○ water freezes at 0oC and boils at 100oC
● Kelvin (K) scale
○ no negative temperatures
○ absolute zero ( 0k )

○ size of a Kelvin = size of a Celsius

T & AT ( c)
◦
=
STIK )
Conversion between Celsius and Kelvin
o
● Celsius to Kevin K = C + 273
o
● Kelvin to Celsius C = K – 273

Practice Problems
1) Convert the following to Kelvin
a) 52.0oC b) -14.0oC
325
259k

2) Convert the following to Celsius

a) 35 K b) 298 K
-

2380 250
 Heat Capacity, Specific Heat Capacity, Calculations
● heat (q) J or RJ

● heat capacity = ammount of energy

absorbed
by 16°
to raise substances
a
temp

= J/oC or q/oC
● specific heat capacity(C) Fe
Tg
Fe

50g
Fe

5-009
↳ tells

÷ = J/goC or q/goC
us how much
\ I /
energy to increase

the substance Same heat

by 10g
capacity

○ water = 4.18 J/g C o ☆ diferent

"
"
substance

specific heat
↳ 1cal
/g°c
Capacity .

Calculation the TP Att

is
if q is t
" "
is -
the T & is AT -
calorimeter
if
Jlgoc
°

Jules grams (
heat

q = m • C • ∆T
( mass ) ( Change in
A in C°= A in k° Container

( heat ) ( specific
Temp , rake / ✓ in
heat )
o
Note: ∆T in C is equal to ∆T in K
 Practice Problems
1) When 335 J of heat is added to 2.25 g of vegetable oil
at 25.0oC, the temperature increases to 75.0oC. What is
the specific heat of the vegetable oil.
9 = m .
c. AT

335J =
2.259
'

C .
50.0¢
9 335J
2.98519°C
=
= C
G. 2s g) ( 50.0 C)
◦

MIT

2) How much heat is required to raise the temperature of

0.1350 kilograms of aluminum by 10.0oC? ( specific
heat of aluminum is 0.903 J/gK)
m =
0.1380 kg

-13,5091
J

10%0
0.903
g- = ✗
✗
DT -10.0C
-

, ¢
( =
0.903J / gk

9- =
1219.05J → 1220J
3) A chunk of gold has a heat capacity of 34.5 J/oC and a
mass of 145 g. Calculate the specific heat of gold.
34.5J
° -238 J
=
/ goc
14 Sgoc
3. Select the “Energy Symbols”
and “Link Heaters”

4. Drag the iron over one stand

and the brick to the other stand
5. Drag a thermometer onto each
a. Notice they are at the
same temperature
Go to the Energy Forms and
Changes simulation
1) Click Intro

6. Drag the button towards heat 2) WAIT for instruction

on the heat source (underneath
one of the stands). Hold the
button towards heat until you
notice at least two changes
Describe what is represented by the E’s as you observed some changes while
heating the substances

7. Place a thermometer to the water.

8. Place the iron into the water

Describe what occurred when the hot iron piece was added to the water
(think of the E’s and the temperature changes).
4) A small marble chip with a mass of 3.25 g is heated and
placed in a foam cup calorimeter containing 28.0 mL
(density of water is 1.00 g/mL) of water at 22.0oC. The
water reaches a maximum temperature of 25.7oC. How many
joules of heat were released by the marble chip? What is
the specific heat capacity of marble chip?(Starting
temperature of the marble chip was 77.0oC)
AT 9- chip =
f) 9-1*0
M C .

AT
,

3.25
51.3°C
=
-51,3°C
9-
-

water
Chip
m c AT 9-s-m.c.AT
9. =
28.0g .
4,18 J/g°C .

3.70
9-
9- Hzos 433.0J = C
m.IT

28-0/9 4.18 J
3.7¢ -433.05J
× c
,
433.048J
,
=

1 ☒% / (3.259×-51.30)
-

433.05J
=
C
-166.72 goc
9- Ito -
433.0J
2.59%4 :C
9- chips -433,0J
5) A 46.2 g sample of copper is heated to 95.4oC and then
placed in a calorimeter containing 75.0 g of water at
19.6oC. The final temperature of both the water and the
copper is 21.8oC. What is the specific heat of copper?
water

water
9- ÷ 75.019 4.18J 2.2¢
✗ ×
copper I ,g,¢ 1
Mass 46,29 75.09 9- =
689.7J
C 0.20%4 4.18519°C
2. zco
Copper
AT -73.6C
9-
9- c=
-689.7J 689.7J
m.AT
( = 0.20J / got
-689.7J
[=
-3400,329°C