• Why some substances have atomic mass, other molecular

mass & some formula mass??

• Why some substances have symbols, others molecular
formula & some empirical formula??

Classification of Matter
How do chemists classify material?
• On the basis of states?
• No, coz one substance occurs in all three states.
• Then how do chemists classify all matter?
• They look for three categories..
• A) The Physical Separation.
• B) The Composition of Matter.
• C) The Chemical Separation.
 MATTER
yes Can it be physically
no
separated?

MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE

yes Is the composition no yes Can it be chemically no

uniform? decomposed?

Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Mixture Mixture Compound Element
(solution)

Ionic Compounds Covalent Compounds

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

ELEMENTS
• The simplest form of matter is called elements.
• By simplest we mean, they cannot be furthers simplified
into other substances.
• The fundamental structural & chemical unit is called an
atom.
• Hence all elements are distinguished from on another on
the basis of kind of atoms they are made from.
• So, elements are recognized by atomic masses & have
symbols.
• Carbon : C : 12 amu Magnesium: Mg : 24 amu
• Iron : Fe : 56 amu Sodium : Na : 23 amu
COMPOUNDS
Ionic Compounds Covalent Compounds
• They are composed of positive & • They are composed of
negative ions. molecules.
• These ions are connected in
large network structure that • Molecules are groups of atoms
individual ion has no identity. which can exist independently of
each other.
• Since the number of ions is
infinite, these compounds are • Covalent compounds have
given an mathematical formula molecular formula & are
called empirical formula. recognized by molecular mass.
• These are recognized by formula
mass.
EXAMPLES
• The empirical formula of
tables salt, sodium chloride,
is NaCl.
• This doesn’t mean that
there is one Na atom for
each Cl.
• It means that Na & Cl are
combined in a 1: 1.
• NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.8 amu
• This is formula mass as its
based on a formula i.e. NaCl.
• The molecular formula of glucose
is C6H12O6.
• It shows that there are 6 carbon,
12 hydrogen & 6 oxygen atoms in
a molecule of glucose.
• C6H12O6 = 6 x 12 + 12 x 1 + 16 x 6
• = 72 + 12 + 96 = 180 amu
• This is the molecular mass of
glucose as its based on molecule.
• C6H12O6 = CH2O
 ATOMIC MASS
• Atomic mass was a definitive property of an element for 100
years.
• But nowadays it is used to perform stoichiometric measurements
only.
• Atomic mass of an element is an average mass of all the naturally
existing isotopes of an element.
• Isotopes are atoms too, so their atomic mass is weighted against
the standard atomic mass.
• Just like we weigh mass of everything against international
prototype of kg.
• Molecular Mass: It’s the sum of the atomic masses of the
elements present in a molecule of a compound.
• Most covalent compounds have molecular masses.
• H2SO4 = 2 x 1 + 32 x 1 + 16 x 4 = 98 amu
• C6H6 = 12 x 6 + 1 x 6 = 78 amu
• Formula Mass: It’s the sum of the atomic masses of the
elements present in a simplest formula of a compound.
• Most ionic compounds have formula masses.
• MgSO4 = 24 x 1 + 32 x 1 + 16 x 4 = 120
• K2SO4. Al2(SO4)3.24H2O = 39 x 2 + 27 x 2 + 96 x 5 + 18 x 24
• 78 + 54 + 480 + 432 = 1044 amu
The percent composition of a compound was found to be
63.5% silver, 8.2% nitrogen, and 28.3% oxygen. Lets
determine its empirical formula.
• Element = % ÷ at: mass = mole ratio ÷ HCF = Simple Ratio
• Ag = 63.5 ÷ 108 = 0.57 ÷ 0.57= 1
•N = 8.2 ÷ 14 = 0.58 ÷ 0.57= 1
•O = 28.3 ÷ 16 = 1.8 ÷ 0.57 = 3
• Ag = 1
•N=1 AgNO3
•O=3
What is the empirical formula of a compound that
contains 0.783 g of C, 0.196 of H and 0.521 g of O?
• Element = given mass ÷ at: mass = mole ratio ÷ HCF = Simple Ratio
•C = 0.783 ÷ 12 = 0.063 ÷ 0.033 = 2
•H = 0.196 ÷ 1 = 0.196 ÷ 0.033 = 6
•O = 0.521 ÷ 16 = 0.033 ÷ 0.033 = 1
•C=2
•H=6
•O=1 C2H6O
In case neither mass nor %age is given.
• How many grams of carbon in 2.5 g of CO2?
• Mass of carbon = 1 mole C/1 mole CO2 x mass of CO2
• = 12 /44 x 2.5 = 0.68 gram
• How many grams of H in 0.76 gm of H2O?
• Mass of H = 2 mol H/1 mole H2O x mass of H2O
• = 2/18 x 0.76 = 0.084 gram
• Mass of the third element= total mass of compound – sum
of the other two.
How to determine molecular formula?
• Molecular formula is determined from empirical formula
multiple known as base ratio (n)
• Molecular Formula = (Empirical Formula) x n
• The empirical formula of a compound is C2H3O what will be its
molecular formula is its molecular mass is 62:
• Calculate the empirical formula mass
• = 12 x 2 + 1 x 3 + 16 x 1 = 31
• Now, n = molecular mass/empirical mass = 62/31 = 2
• Molecular Formula = (C2H3O) x 2 = C4H6O2
MOLE
• Mole is measurement unit to calculate the amount of
various substances universally.
• Universally?
• Prior to the introduction of mole, elements were measured
in atomic masses where as compounds in formula or
molecular masses.
• This led to various problems such stoichiometric
calculations were not possible.
• Mole is alternate as well as equivalent to all those.
Definition
• One mole is defined as the atomic mass, molecular mass, or
formula mass of any substance expressed in grams.
• 1 mol C = 12 g
• 1 mol Na = 23 g
• 2 mol of Mg = 48 g
• 5 mol of H2O = 80 g
• 1 mol CaCO3 = 100 g
Avagadro’s Number
• It was Amadeo Avogadro who predicted that the number of
particles in one mole of any substance should be same.
• 6.02 x 1023
• We call it Avogadro’s Number NA.
• 1 mol C = 12 g = 6.02 x 1023
• 1 mol Na = 23 g = 6.02 x 1023
• 2 mol of Mg = 48 g = 2 x 6.02 x 1023 = 1.204 x 1024
• 5 mol of H2O = 80 g = 5 x 6.02 x 1023 = 3.10 x 1024
• 1 mol CaCO3 = 100 g = 6.03 x 1023
• No of moles = mass in grams / molar mass

• Number of particles = mass in grams / molar mass x NA