This document discusses different perspectives on learning in developmental psychology. It describes learning as a long-lasting change in behavior based on experience or environmental adaptation. Three major types of behavioral learning are described: classical conditioning involving stimulus association; operant conditioning involving consequences of behavior; and social learning involving imitation and observational learning. Reinforcement and punishment are discussed as consequences that influence the likelihood of behavior repetition.
This document discusses different perspectives on learning in developmental psychology. It describes learning as a long-lasting change in behavior based on experience or environmental adaptation. Three major types of behavioral learning are described: classical conditioning involving stimulus association; operant conditioning involving consequences of behavior; and social learning involving imitation and observational learning. Reinforcement and punishment are discussed as consequences that influence the likelihood of behavior repetition.
This document discusses different perspectives on learning in developmental psychology. It describes learning as a long-lasting change in behavior based on experience or environmental adaptation. Three major types of behavioral learning are described: classical conditioning involving stimulus association; operant conditioning involving consequences of behavior; and social learning involving imitation and observational learning. Reinforcement and punishment are discussed as consequences that influence the likelihood of behavior repetition.
LEARNING, A LONG LASTING CHANGE IN BEHAVIOR BASED ON EXPERIENCE, OR ADAPTATION TO THE ENVIRONMENT. LEARNING
--- The activity or process of gaining knowledge or
skill by studying, practicing, being taught, or experiencing something : the activity of someone who learns. BEHAVIORISM – is a mechanistic theory which describes observed behavior as a predictable response to experience. Behaviorists look for events that determine whether or not a particular behavior will be repeated. THREE MAJOR TYPES OF BEHAVIORAL LEARNING CLASSICAL CONDITIONING ● LEARNING BASED ON ASSOCIATION OF A STIMULUS. ● RUSSIAN PSYCHOLOGIST IVAN P. PAVLOV & AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST JOHN B. WATSON WHICH CALLED “PAVLOVIAN” OR “RESPONDENT CONDITIONING”. ● INVOLVES THE FORMATION (STRENGTHENING) OF AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN A CONDITIONED STIMULUS AND A RESPONSE THROUGH REPEATED PRESENTATION OF THE CONDITIONED STIMULUS TOGETHER WITH AN UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS. OPERANT CONDITIONING ● THE INDIVIDUAL LEARNS FROM THE “CONSEQUENCES” OF “OPERATING” ON THE ENVIRONMENT. ● OPERANT CONDITIONING IS BASED ON THE CONCEPT AND IDEA OF BURRHUS FREDERICK SKINNER. ● SKINNER INSISTS THAT PSYCHOLOGISTS CONCERN THEMSELVES ONLY WITH OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR, THAT IS, THE PSYCHOLOGIST SHOULD STUDY BEHVIOR AS IT IS AND NOTHING MORE.
REINFORCEMENT
--IS A CONSEQUENCE OF BEHAVIOR THAT INCREASES THE
LIKELIHOOD THAT THE BEHAVIOR WILL BE REPEATED. KINDS OF REINFORCEMENT 1. POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT -Consists of giving a reward, such as food, gold, stars, bonus, praise – or playing with a baby. 2. NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT -Taking away something the individual does not like (aversive event), such as a loud noise. It encourages repetition by removing an aversive event. PUNISHMENT is a consequence of behavior that decreases the likelihood of repetition. SOCIAL LEARNING ● Explains human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental determinants. ● Theory that behaviors are learned by observing and imitating models. ● Developed by Albert Bandura who has received his Ph.D. in 1952 at the University of Iowa. ● Bandura put into study the topics on imitation and identification, social reinforcement, self-reinforcement and modeling. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY --OBSERVANT CONDITIONING --Is based on the idea that human behavior is largely aquired and that the principles of learning are sufficient to account for the development. --VICARIOUS LEARNING suggests that people learn just by mere observing the actions of people or by mere seeing the consequence the consequence of an act.