Fluids and Fluid Types

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Outline
 Importance to Schlumberger
 Types of reservoir fluids
 Characteristics of reservoirs:
• Initial production data
• Laboratory analysis
• Production history

2
 Objectives
 Describe the importance to you and Schlumberger
 List the types of oil (5) and gas (3) reservoir
hydrocarbons
 Describe bubble and dew points
 Describe the approximate GOR and API gravity for oil
and gas
 Describe the phase diagram for oil and gas wells

3
Importance to Schlumberger
 Well logging
 Well testing
 Treatment design
 Production prediction

4
The Five Reservoir Fluids

Black Volatile Retrograde Wet Dry

Oil Oil Gas Gas Gas

5
Phase Diagram of a Typical Black Oil

Pressure path
in reservoir
Critical
Point Dewpoint line
Pressure, psia

Black Oil

90 0 % Liquid
ne 8
Li
t 790
poin 60
ble

50
b
Bu

40
30
20

10
Separator
?

Temperature, °F 6
Phase Diagram of a Typical Volatile Oil
Dewpoint line
Pressure path 1 Critical
point
in reservoir

2
Volatile oil

0
80 9
70
60
Pressure

50
e % Liquid
in

40
tl
in
po

30
le
bb

20
Bu

10
3
5

Separator
int line
po
Dew

Temperature, °F
7
Phase Diagram of a Typical Retrograde Gas
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
Retrograde gas
2

e
l in
nt
i
po
w
De
Pressure

Critical point
e
in

% Liquid
l
nt
oi

40
30
ep

20
l
bb

15
3
Bu

10

5
Separator
0

Temperature
8
Phase Diagram of Typical Wet Gas

Pressure path
in reservoir
1

e
Pressure

l in

Wet gas
t
oin
wp
De

Critical % Liquid
point
2
e int
lin epo
l
bb

30

25

5
Bu

Separator

Temperature
9
Phase Diagram of Typical Dry Gas
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
Pressure

ine
nt l

Dry gas
poi
Dew

% Liquid
2
50
25

Separator
1

Temperature
10
 Black Oil Volatile Oil

The Five
Dewpoint line
Pressure path Critical
in reservoir 1 point

Pressure path 2
in reservoir

Reservoir
Dewpoint line Volatile oil

0
Critical

80 9
60 0
point

7
Pressure, psia

Pressure

50
Black Oil
% Liquid

40
t lin
in
90

30
% Liquid

o
ne

ep
li 80

l
nt

bb
Fluids
oi 7900

20
Bu
l ep 60
bb
Bu
50

10
40

33
30

5
20
10

Separator Separator
line
p oint
Dew
Temperature, °F Temperature

Pressure path
in reservoir Pressure path
Pressure path
in reservoir in reservoir
1
Retrograde gas 1 1
2
e
in
tl
in
po

e
li n
w

e
De

in
Pressure

int

Wet gas
Pressure

nt l
Pressure
po

Dry gas

poi
w

Critical
De
e
in

Dew
point
tl

% Liquid
n
oi

300
4
ep

Critical % Liquid
20

% Liquid
bl

15 point
b

30 e int
Bu

30 2
lin epo

1 2
l
bb

25

1
Bu

50
5

25
Separator Separator

1
Separator 0

Temperature Temperature Temperature

Retrograde Gas Wet Gas Dry Gas

11
Three Gases - What Are the
Differences?
 Dry gas - gas at surface is same as gas in
reservoir
 Wet gas - recombined surface gas and
condensate represents gas in reservoir
 Retrograde gas - recombined surface gas and
condensate represents the gas in the reservoir
but not the total reservoir fluid (retrograde
condensate stays in reservoir)

12
 Field Identification

Black Volatile Retrograde Wet Dry

Oil Oil Gas Gas Gas
Initial <1750 1750 to > 3200 > 15,000* 100,000*
Producing 3200
Gas/Liquid
Ratio, scf/STB
Initial Stock- < 45 > 40 > 40 Up to 70 No
Tank Liquid Liquid
Gravity, API
Color of Stock- Dark Colored Lightly Water No
Tank Liquid Colored White Liquid

*For Engineering Purposes

13
 Laboratory Analysis

Black Volatile Retrograde Wet Dry

Oil Oil Gas Gas Gas
Phase Bubblepoint Bubblepoint Dewpoint No No
Change in Phase Phase
Reservoir Change Change
Heptanes > 20% 20 to 12.5 < 12.5 < 4* < 0.8*
Plus, Mole
Percent
Oil < 2.0 > 2.0 - - -
Formation
Volume
Factor at
Bubblepoint

*For Engineering Purposes

14
 50000 Black
Dry Wet Retrograde Volatile oil
gas gas gas oil
gas/oil ratio, scf/STB
Initial producing

Dewpoint gas
Bubblepoint oil

5000
0
0 30
Heptanes plus in reservoir fluid, mole %

15
 Primary Production Trends
Black Volatile Retrograde Wet Dry
Oil Oil Gas Gas Gas
GOR

GOR

GOR

GOR

GOR
No
liquid

Time Time Time Time Time

 API

 API
 API

 API

 API
No
liquid

Time Time Time Time Time

16
Exercise 1
1. Black oil has a lower API gravity than volatile oil. T___ F___
2. A (wet, dry) gas exists solely as a gas in the reservoir throughout the
reduction in reservoir pressure.
3. The hydrocarbon mixture is solely gas in the reservoir and normal surface
separator conditions fall outside the phase envelope. (dry or wet gas).
4. (Dry, Wet, Retrograde) gas - gas at surface is same as gas in reservoir
5. (Dry, Wet, Retrograde) - recombined surface gas and condensate
represents gas in reservoir
6. (Dry, Wet, Retrograde) - recombined surface gas and condensate
represents the gas in the reservoir but not the total reservoir fluid (retrograde
condensate stays in reservoir)
7. >70 API gravity hydrocarbon is representative of (Black oil, Volatile oil, Wet
gas condensate).
8. Black oil has a (higher, lower) Heptane + value than volatile oil.
9. Black oil may contain paraffin and asphaltenes. T___ F___
10. What forms in retrograde gas at the dew point?
17
 Exercise 2

Determine Reservoir Fluid Type

From Field Data

18
 Plot of Exercise 2 Data
100000 60
90000 59
80000 58
gas/oil ratio, scf/STB

liquid gravity, API

70000 57

Stock-tank
Producing

60000 56
50000 55
40000 54
30000 53
20000 52
10000 51
0 50
0 12 24 36 48 60 72
Months since start of 1967
19
Exercise 3

Determine Reservoir Fluid Type

From Field Data

20