Exploring nursing

origin

1
 Learning Objectives:

On completion of this unit the learner will be able to:

• Mention the major health care practices of early civilizations

• Analyze the impact of wars have had on the development of nursing education

• Explain how the development of nursing as a profession has been influenced by

three historical images of tenures and by the 'Dark Ages ' of nursing

• Describe Florence Nightingales' contribution to and impact on nursing and its

development

• Identify the first organizations created for nurses and discuss the purpose of

each
2
 Historical Background
• Health care in ancient cultures

• Nursing & medicine in Islamic era

• The middle ages

• The renaissance ‫ &عصر ا لنهضة‬reformation period‫ا إلصالح ا لديني‬

• Florence Nightingale

• Events influenced nursing practice

• Important events in evolution of nursing

• History of nursing in Jordan

3
 Health care in ancient cultures

Main Features:

• Sophistication of health care practices varied considerably

from one culture to another

• In most cultures there was strong beliefs in the power of

gods, with sickness, & suffering attributed to the presence of

evil spirits
4
Ways to deal with Evil spirits:

• Noisy incantation‫ ا لرقية‬and dances

• Making offerings and sacrifices

• Medicine men work their “magic” to drive away the evil spirits

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 Egypt
• Provided an earliest medical records, included more than

700 classified drugs.

• Developed system of community planning that helped

avoid public health problems.

• Established strict rules regarding cleanliness, food , drink,

exercises and sexual relations.

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 Babylonia

• Beliefs based on numbers and movements of the stars.

• Believed illness is a punishment for sin and used incantations and

herbs for purifications with surgery more advanced than internal

medicine.

• Developed code of Hammurabi.

7
 Persia
• Established early school for priest-physician. From which

involved 3 types of physicians:

1. those who healed by knife

2. those who healed with herbs

3. those who healed through exorcism (ceremony to drive out

evil spirits).

8
 Greece
• Society heavily steeped in mythology, animal sacrifice, and faith in the power of
god.

• Place much emphasis on healthy bodies. (founded the Olympic games)

• Built institution to care for sick and injured .and established ambulatory care.

• The home of Hippocrates, born about 400BC.who became known as the father of
modern medicine

9
 India
• Civilization highly developed ,with system of sanitation, bathroom,

public baths.

• Emphasis hygiene and prevention of sickness and described major and

minor surgery, children’s diseases and diseases of nervous and urinary

system.

• Buddhism emerged about 500BC.with advanced understanding of

disease prevention, hygiene and sanitation, medicine ,surgery. prenatal

care

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 China
• Emphasis on the whole family, women considered inferior to
men.
• Developed acupuncture skill

• Studied circulation and develop approach to examination.

look, listen ask and feel.
• Bath used for reduction of fever .

• Bloodletting to release evil spirit from the body.

11
 Arabia
• Populated by nomadic‫ ا لرحل‬people who lived a difficult life in the hot ,dry

desert.

• Prophet Mohammad developed the religion of Islam that worshipped the God

Allah. His teaching established strict rules of living dictating habits of

cleanliness, eating and human interaction.

• Elevated the position of the women.

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‫التمريض والطب في العصر‬
‫االسالمي‬

‫‪13‬‬
 ‫االطباء في عصر االسالم‬

‫• من االعالم الطباء المسلمين ‪:‬‬

‫• ابو بكر الرازي‬

‫• ابن سينا‬

‫• ابن زهر‬

‫‪11/09/20‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬
 ‫االطباء في عصر االسالم‬

‫• درسوا حاالت المرضى‬

‫• سجلوا التاريخ المرضي لمرضاهم‪.‬‬

‫• اول مستشفى اسالمي ‪707‬م انشأهالخليفة الوليد‪.‬‬

‫• القرن العشرين كان المستشفى الرئيسي في بغداد يضم‪ 24‬طبيبا واقسام‬

‫خاصة بالعيون والنسائية والحوادثوقسم لالمراض النفسية‪.‬‬

‫‪11/09/20‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬
‫الممرضات العربيات في صدر االسالم‬

‫• رفيدة بنت سعد االسلمية‬

‫• نسيبة بنت كعب المازنية (ام عمارة)‬

‫• ام سنان االسالمية‬

‫‪16‬‬
‫الممرضات العربيات في صدر االسالم‬

‫• اشتركن بالجهاد في سبيل هللا‬

‫• تقديم العناية بالمجاهدين‬

‫• تضميد الجروح‬

‫• اسعاف الجرحى‬

‫• انشأت اول عيادة (خيمة رفيدة)‬

‫‪17‬‬
The middle ages
(470AD-1450AD).

18
 The middle ages
• Women used herbs

• Men continue to use purging, leeching and mercury.

• The Roman Catholic Church become a central figure in the organization and

management of health care.

• Changes in health care were based on concepts of charity and sanctity of human life.

• Wives of emperors and other women became nurses.

• Widowers and unmarried women becomes nuns and deaconesses.

• Poorly trained barbers who lacked formal medical education, performed surgery and

medical treatment.
19
 The middle ages cont.

• Nurse provide some medical care .

• Female nurse were forbidden to witness childbirth, help with

gynecological exam or even diaper male infant.

• Nurses were not permitted to have contact with male patient,

administer enema or care of man with venereal diseases.

• Female nurses provide the bulk of obstetric care within the

community.

• During the crusades, military orders were founded

20
Renaissance ‫لنهضة‬$$‫عصرا‬and
the reformation
period
(14th -16th centuries)

21
 Renaissance and the reformation period

• Emphasis was given to medical education no nursing education.

• Women encouraged toward Charitable services.

• Main duty included bearing and caring for children in their homes.

• Individuals who worked as nurses in hospitals were often female

prisoners, prostitutes and drunks.

• Nursing was no longer the respected profession, this period

referred to as the (dark ages) of nursing.

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 Renaissance and the reformation period
cont.

• During the 16th century famine ,plague, filth and horrible crimes ruined

Europe.

• A relieving program that aided the orphan. poor and other people was

established.

• Several nursing groups were organized to give the time, service and

money to the poor and sick

• The sister of charity recruited young women for training in nursing,

developed educational program

11/09/20 23
 Florence Nightingale

11/09/20 24
 Florence Nightingale
• Born in Florence, Italy on May 12th,1820.

• Her family was wealthy, well educated

• She was highly intelligent, talented and attractive

• From an early age, she concerned for the poor and suffering.

• At the age 25, she became interested in training as a nurse, her

family refused.

• Then her family permitted her to be a nurse.

11/09/20 25
 Florence Nightingale cont.

• She attended a 3-month nursing training program then she became

a training nurse and also served as superintendent of nurses.

• During the Crimean war she was asked to lead a group of nurses to

work at one of the military hospitals under governmental authority.

• She accepted this offer and assembled 38 nurses who were sisters

and nuns.

• During the war thousands of Cholera victims and hundreds of battle

casualties were brought to the hospitals where she worked.

11/09/20 26
 Florence Nightingale cont.

• There was no beds, blankets, food or medications.

• There were no candles or lamps, and all medical care had to be rendered during the

light day.

• She purchased medical supplies , food linen and hospital equipments. using her own

money .

• She introduced principles of asepsis and infection control. And a system for

transcribing doctor’s orders.

• She is credited with using public health principle and statistical methods for

advocate for improvement of health conditions for soldiers.

• 1860 she established the first nursing school in England 27

Events influenced nursing practice
1. Women’s roles

2. Religion

3. War

4. Societal attitude

28
 Events influenced nursing practice:
1. Women’s roles
 Role of wife, mother, daughter and sister

 Nurturing of other family members.

 Caring of children .

 Nursing root is in “the home”

 The traditional nursing role has always entitled humanistic caring,

nurturing, comforting and supporting.

29
2. Religion

 Religions encourage benevolence.

 Love thy neighbor as yourself”

 Wealthy matron of Roman Empire used their wealth to

provide houses of care and healing

 Religious values as self-denial, spiritual calling. Devotion of

duty and hard work

30
3. War

 Crimean war, inadequacy of care given to soldiers bring the need for female nurses to

provide care to sick and injured.

 Nightingale and other nurses transform the military hospitals by setting up kitchen,

laundry, recreation centers, and reading rooms

 World war II created an acute shortage of care; the auxiliary health care workers

became prominent. PN.NA, technicians are worked under the supervision of a

prepared/qualified nurse.

31
4. Societal attitude
 Before 1800s, nursing was without organization, education, or
social status.

 Attitude was that a women’s place was in home no respectable

woman should have a career.

 In the beginning, nurses in hospitals were poorly educated and

even imprisoned criminals.

 Image of angle of mercy arose at a latter part of 19th century,

because of the work of Nightingale. Who brought the respectability
to the nursing profession they were viewed as noble,
compassionate, moral, religious, dedicated and self sacrificing.
32
 Important events in the evolution of
nursing
• 1751 the Pennsylvania Hospital is the first hospital established in America.

• 1851 Florence Nightingale attended a hospital to train as a nurse.

• 1845 during the Crimean War , Florence Nightingale transforms the image of

nursing.

• 1861 the out break of the civil war cause African American women to volunteer.

• 1882 the American Red Cross is established by Clara Barton.

• 1900 the first issue of the American Journal of Nursing is published

• 1911 the American nurse association (ANA)

• 1912 the national league of nursing education. (NLNE)

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• 1919 public health nursing is written, a public health nursing program is started

at the university of Michigan.

• 1946 nurses are classified as professional by the US civil service commission.

• 1950 the Code for Professional nurses is established by the ANA.

• 1952 the national league of nursing (NLN)

• 1975 THE American Hospital Association published the “the patient’s bill of right”.

• 1985 Sigma Theta Tau :the international honor society of nursing.

• 2004 national council of state board of nursing raised the passing standard for

NCLEX-RN in the interest of public safety.

34
 ‫تاريخ التمريض في االردن‬
‫اول مدرسة تمريض تأسست في االربعينيات من القرن الماضي في القدس‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪1949‬انشئت وزارة الصحة بعد ان كانت تسمى دائرة الصحة‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪ 1952‬تأسست المدرسة المعمدانية في عجلون وعام ‪ 1987‬تحولت الى مستشفى المعمداني( مستشفى االيمان)‪.‬حاليا‬ ‫•‬

‫‪ 1953‬تأسست مدرسة التمريض في االردن في م‪ .‬البشير تحت اشراف منظمة امريكية بالتعاون مع وزارة الصحة‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪1959‬تأسست جمعية الممرضات االردنية بفرعيها عمان والقدس‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪1961‬انضمت الجمعية الى نقابة التمريض الدولية ‪.))ICN‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪ 1972‬تحولت جمعية الممرضات االردنية الى نقابة الممرضين واللمرضات والقابالت االردنية‬ ‫•‬

‫‪ 1962‬تأسست كلية االميرة منى للتمريض التابعة للخدمان الطبية الملكية وتمنح درجة الدبلوم في التمريض‪ .‬وعام ‪1998‬‬ ‫•‬

‫اصبحت كلية تابعة لجامعة مؤتة لتمنح شهادة البكالوريوس‪.‬‬

‫‪35‬‬
‫‪ 1966‬تغير اسم مدرسة التمريض واصبحت كلية التمريض االردنية ومدة الدراسة فيها ‪ 4‬سنوات اكاديمية ويحمل‬ ‫•‬

‫الخريج درجة الدبلوم في التمريض‪.‬‬

‫‪ 1966‬بدء وألول مرة بتسجيل الطلبة الذكور في مدرسة التمريض‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪ 1972‬تأسست كلية التمريض في الجامعة االردنية‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪ 1977‬افتتح قسم القبالة ويمنح شهادة الدبلوم في علم القبالة (بعد دبلوم أو بكالوريوس التمريض) ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪ 1983‬تأسست كلية التمريض في جامعة اليرموك وثم انتقلت الى جامعة العلوم والتكنولوجيا‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪36‬‬
‫‪ 1984‬تم انشاء كليتين تمريض تابعة لوزارة الصحة احداهما في عمان (كلية رفيدة االسلمية للتمريض والقبالة)والثانية في‬ ‫•‬

‫اربد( كلية نسيبة المازنية )‪.‬‬

‫‪ 1986‬جامعة مؤتة‬ ‫•‬

‫‪ 1989‬جامعة العلوم والتكنولوجيا االردنية‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪ 1993‬جامعة الزيتونة‬ ‫•‬

‫‪ 1991‬جامعة العلوم التطبيقية‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪1995‬الجامعة الهاشمية‬ ‫•‬

‫‪ 2001‬ال البيت‬ ‫•‬

‫‪ 2002‬المجلس التمريضي االردني‬ ‫•‬

‫‪ 2004‬انشئت كلية التمريض في جامعة فيالدلفيا‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪11/09/20‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬
38