CHAPTER 2

THE BUILDING SITE

( Building construction I )
Marwa Hassoun
2.02 The Building
• When we speak of architecture as
the art of building ,we should
consider the following conceptual
systems:
Definition , Scale, Order of human
activities, Zoning, Access, Form,
Space, Environment...

+Physical systems
 2.03 Building Systems
Structural system

Superstructure Substructure

Columns, Beams Foundations of

and Loadbearing the building
walls Support
floor and roof
structure
 2.03 Building Systems
Enclosure System

Roof and Exterior walls

Doors
Windows
Interior walls and
partitions
Mechanical System

Provide essential sercices to a

building
2.04 Building Systems
• Building construction sytems should
take into account the following
factors:
Performance requirements
Aesthetic qualities
Regulatory constraints
Economic considerations
Environmental impact
Construction practices
 2.06 Types of
2.05 Building codes
construction
• Model codes
• International building codes
• Companion codes
• Other important codes
• Federal Requirements
It depends on the function of
the building , and its occupants.
For example: the lower
temperature that can an adult
stand is different in the case of
children.
2.07 Types of construction
• Fire walls are required to have a fire-resistance rating
suffisent to prevent the spread of fire from one part of
a building to another.
• Occupancy seperations : required to prevent spread of
the fire from one occupancy to another
• Fire separation : required between a property line or
adjacent building and an exterior wall .
 2.08 Loads on buildings
Static Loads Dynamic Loads

Dead Loads Live Loads

Wind effects
• Self loads : • Settlement loads
self loads of structure • Ground pressure
• Furniture : • Water pressure
weight of building Earthquake loads
• Thermal structure
elements
• Opacity loads
• Tiles:
• Snow and rain
Weight of permanent
equipements • Impact loads
2.09 Winds loads
2.10 Earthquake loads
• The upper mass of a structure develops an
inertial force as it tends to remain at rest
while the base is translated by the ground
motions of an earthquake.
2.11 Structural 2.12 Structural
Forces Equilibrum
2.13 Columns 2.14 Beams
2.15 Beams span
SPAN

Cantilever Overhanging

Double Overhanging Fixed-Ean Beam

Continuous
beam extends
Suspended Span
2.16 Trusses 2.17 Frames & Walls
2.18 Plate structures
2.19 Structural 2.20 Structural
units spans
 2.21 Structural Patterns
2.22 Lateral stability
Rigid Frame:
A steel or reinforced concrete
frame with rigid joints
capable of resisting changes
in angular relationship.

Braced Frame:
A timber or steel frame
braced with diagonal
members. Shear Wall:
A wood, concrete, or masonry wall
capable of resisting changesin
shape and transferring lateral loads
to the ground foundation.
2.24 High-rise structure
• Bracing system
• Tube in tube
• Bundled tubes
• Dumping
mechanism
2.25
2.26 Domes
Arches&Vaults
2.27 Shell
2.28 Cable structures
structures
2.29 Membranes 2.30 Joints and
structures connections