Ismail isse fidow

Zakarie abdullahi mohamed

saed ahmed kulmie
mohamed idle mohamed
hussein dahir abdi
Polarization in satellite
communication
Outlines…
 Introduction
 Polarization categories
 Antenna Polarization
 Polarization of Satellite Signals
 Cross-Polarization Discrimination
 Ionospheric Depolarization
 Rain Depolarization
Introduction
 Polarization also called “wave polarization” is: an
expression of the orientation of the lines of electric in
an electromagnetic field .
 Polarization can be constant that is existing in a
particular orientation at all times or it can rotate with
each wave cycle.
 Polarization is important in wireless communications
systems. The physical orientation of a wireless antenna
corresponds to the polarization of the radio waves
received or transmitted by that antenna.
Cont…
 In the far field zone of a transmitting antenna, the
radiated wave takes on the characteristics of a
transverse electromagnetic (TEM) wave.
 Far field zone refers to distances greater than 2D
square /wave length from the antenna, where D is
the largest linear dimension of the antenna.
Polarization categories

 There are several categories of polarization

1. Linear polarization:   is the most common form
of antenna polarization.
2. Circular polarization:   This has a number of
benefits for areas such as satellite applications
where it helps overcome the effects of
propagation anomalies, ground reflections and the
effects of the spin that occur on many satellites.
Cont…
 Circular polarization contains:
 Right hand circular polarization:   In this form of
polarization the vector rotates in a right handed
fashion.
 Left hand circular polarization :   In this form of
polarization the vector rotates in a left handed
fashion.
Cont…
3.Mixed polarization:   Another form of polarization
is known as elliptical polarization. It occurs when
there is a mix of linear and circular polarization.
Antenna Polarization
 The polarization of a transmitting antenna is
defined by the polarization of the wave it transmits.
Thus a horizontal dipole would produce a
horizontally polarized wave. Two dipoles mounted
close together symmetrically and at right angles to
each other would produce a circularly polarized
wave if fed with currents equal in amplitude but
differing in phase by 90°.
Cont…
 For the electromagnetic wave the polarization is
effectively the plane in which the electric wave
vibrates.
 This is important when looking at antennas because
they are sensitive to polarization, and generally
only receive or transmit a signal with a particular
polarization.
Cont…
 Applications of antenna polarization:
 General radio communications.
 Mobile communications.
 Satellite communications.  
Polarization of Satellite Signals
 Circular polarization is sometimes used for satellite
signals communications as there are some
advantages in terms of propagation.
 the directions “horizontal” and “vertical” are easily
visualized with reference to the earth. Consider
however the situation where a satellite is
transmitting a linear polarized wave.
Cross-Polarization Discrimination
 Two measures are in use to quantify the effects of
polarization interference. The most widely used
measure is called cross-polarization discrimination
(XPD).
 The cross-polarization discrimination in decibels is
defined as:
Ionospheric Depolarization
 The ionosphere is the upper region of the earth’s
atmosphere that has been ionized, mainly by solar
radiation. The free electrons in the ionosphere are
not uniformly distributed but form layers.
Furthermore, clouds of electrons (known as
traveling ionospheric disturbances) may travel
through the ionosphere and give rise to fluctuations
in the signal. One of the effects of the ionosphere is
to produce a rotation of the polarization of a signal,
an effect known as Faraday rotation.
Rain Depolarization
 Rain depolarization is calculated via same
techniques applied to rain attenuation. The
difference lies in examining depolarization, we
assume the rain drops to be oblate spheroids.
 The raindrop is generally at a random orientation
with respect to the wave propagation direction.
END