Application of Basic Principles of

Biomechanics in Kinematics
Flying mechanism in birds
  Lower the center of mass and larger the base of
support, the stability will be maximum.

The principle
of stability
  The production of maximum force requires the
movement of all joints that contribute to the task’s
objective.

The principle
of maximum
effort
  The production of maximum velocity requires
the use of joints in order – longest to shortest.

The principle
of maximum
velocity
  The greater applied impulse greater is the
change in velocity.

The principle
of impulse
  Movement occurs in direction opposite to the
applied force.(Newton’s 3rd law)

The principle
of reaction
 Angular motion is produced by the application of
force at some distance from the pivot point.

The principle
of torque
  The angular momentum of an object in the air
is constant when no torque is acting on it.

Principle of
angular
momentum
Flying
mechanism of
birds
Principle of
maximum
velocity
Principle of
reaction
 Hovering means to remain at one place
in air without any translation.
Hovering in
insects and
small birds
  Not all insects or birds can hover.
Ability to  Insects those can flap their wings at the
hover frequency above the minimum can hover.
 So what is the minimum frequency ?
 let the distance between two lines is 0.1mm.
during the upstroke bird will freely fall under gravity

Here s=0.1mm
u=0 a=acceleration due to gravity(g)
hence =
 

It is assumed that =
=2*
=2*
 Frequency =

f =

f = 110 Hz

 
 But the birds like hummingbird, hawk,
American kestrel can also hover
though their flapping frequency is less
than minimum.

Exceptions
 During the upward stroke , insect moves downward by an
acceleration g. Now during the downward stroke to again restore
the bird to its original position , the upward force during downward
stroke is twice the insect weight.
Average forces Hence,
during For upward stroke bird is pushed down by a force mg
hovering For downward stroke bird is pushed up by a force 2mg to restore its
initial position
From above two forces , the average force on the insect is simply
mg
 Input energy
Efficiency of Now , avg. force in hovering ) = body weight
flight
let us consider the wing movement takes between the arc of 70
degrees
Work = force*displacement
 
d W=
W=mg * 2(1/2) sin(35)
where d is the length of the wing taken as 1cm and mass (m) taken
as 0.1 grams
therefore, work input= 56 erg
This is the total energy spent by the insect during hovering
 As in earlier example consider the maximum displacement of the
insect is 0.1mm.
Hence during each downstroke , the body is raised by height of
0.1mm
So energy obtained = mgh
= 0.1*980*0.01
=0.98erg
Output energy
This is very low comparing to input energy.
The remaining energy is wasted in increasing kinetic energy of air
So the hovering of small insects is not that efficient.
Larger birds such as hawk or the black kite , use their aerodynamics
structure to continuously glide.
The warm currents of air flowing upward gives them most of the
force required for gliding.
Inspired from the overall aerodynamics paragliding suits and other
wing suits are designed in which the glider travels a long distance
such as 1 - 1.5 miles before reaching the ground.
  They existed 200 millions years ago.
 Wingspan of 35 feet
Flying  Weight of over 200 kg
adaptations in  Speed 108 kph
pterosaurs
Related Terms
and formulas
 Drag is the opposing force given by
 drag = (drag coeff.*density*Velocity
squared*AREA)/2
 Lift is the force opposing the weight. It depends on bottom area of wing,
angle of body w.r.t air flow, velocity.
 given by lift = (lift coeff. * density * velocity
squared*Area)/2
 Thrust is the mandatory force required for flight. It opposes drag and
contributes to the lift.
Flying  Wing composed of skin and muscles
adaptations  Hollow bones reduce weight

in  Extended digit serve as a solid frame

 Wing shape is aerodynamic
pterosaurs
 Change in wing shape
 smooth skin reduces friction
  Lift force = pressure * reference area
 = mass * ∂V/time
 Induced drag proportional to ∂V.
Long  Less energy requirement due to small ∂V

wingspan
creates same
lift with less
drag
 Projectworkby- AjinkyaGhonagde.(111710041)
AshwinAgrawal.(111710003)
ShubhamGaikwad.(111710037)
RohitKadam.(111710051)

UnderGuidanceof-Dr.AnupKale.
Reference:
• https://prezi.com
the 7 basic principles of biomechanics in 2 and 3 dimensional
kinematics.
• www.Wikipedia.com:
flying mechanism of birds and insects.
• www.youtube.com
time warp hummingbird.
• Image source: google