Applied Elasticity

Fall 2018

Xuming Zhang
Department of Engineering Mechanics, Hohai University
20/12/13
Hohai
University
 Applied Elasticity

Theory of Elasticity
a necessity for postgraduate students in
Civil, Mechanical & Aerospace engineering
engineers
to understand the behavior of
deformable bodies(elastic solids)
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University
 Applied Elasticity

Purpose
to introduce students to theory & formulation
and
to present solutions to some basic problems

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University
 Applied Elasticity
to emphasize the formulation of problems in
mechanics, to reduce vague ideas into precise
mathematical statements, and to cultivate a habit of
questioning, analyzing, designing, and inventing in
engineering and science.
Y. C. Fung, A First Course in Continuum Mechanics
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University
 Applied Elasticity

Applied Elasticity
deals with determination of stress, strain and
displacement distribution in an elastic solid under the
influence of external forces and/or changes in
temperature Hohai
University
 Applied Elasticity
a basis for a critical study of the fundamentals of
elasticity and several branches of solid mechanics
including ：
theory of plates and shells composite materials
plasticity theory finite element method
nanomechanics biomechanics Hohai
University
 Applied Elasticity

Applied Elasticity
assumptions:
linear and small deformation theory

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 Applied Elasticity
applications
civil engineering
stress and deflection analysis of structures including
rods, beams, plates, and shells
geomechanics involving the stresses in such
materials as soil, rock, concrete, & asphalt Hohai
University
 Applied Elasticity
applications
mechanical engineering
analysis and design of machine elements
including general stress analysis, contact stress,
thermal stress analysis, fracture mechanics, and fatigue

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University
 Applied Elasticity
applications
material engineering

determination of stress fields in crystalline solids,

around dislocations & in materials with microstructure

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University
 Applied Elasticity
applications
aeronautical & aerospace engineering

stress, fracture, and fatigue analysis in aerostructures

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University
 Applied Elasticity
applications

the basis for inelastic behavior including

plasticity and viscoelasticity
to the study of computational stress analysis employing
finite and boundary element methods
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University
 Applied Elasticity
mathematical model
governing partial differential field equations
basic principles of continuum mechanics
solution techniques
Fourier methods, variational calculus, integral transform,
complex variables, potential theory, finite differences,
finite elements, ……
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University
 Applied Elasticity
historical details
1678 , Robert Hook, elastic force-deformation relation

1821, Navier, general equations of equilibrium

Cauchy, basic elasticity equations

& notation of stress at a point
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University
 Applied Elasticity
historical details
Bernoulli’s Lord Kelvin
Poisson Lame
Green Saint-Venant
Betti Airy
Kirchhoff Lord Rayleigh
Love Timoshenko
Kolosoff Muskhelishivilii
……
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University
 Applied Elasticity
historical details
a large amount of analytical solutions to specific problems
of engineering interest

Hohai
University
 Applied Elasticity
historical details
considerable work on numerical methods using finite &
boundary element theory

anisotropic materials for applications to composites

Hohai
University
 Applied Elasticity
historical details
micromechanical modeling of materials with internal
defects or heterogeneity

Hohai
University
 Applied Elasticity
historical details
Todhunter and Person, History of Elasticity

Love, A treatise on the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity

Timoshenko, A History of Strength of Materials

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 Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Contents of Theory of Elasticity
theory of elasticity (elasticity)
a branch of solid mechanics
stresses & deformations in elastic solids produced by
external forces and/or changes in temperature

sufficiency of strength, stiffness and stability

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 Chapter 1 Introduction
mechanics of materials
stresses & displacements
of a structure in the shape of a bar

subjected to
tension, compression, shear, bending, or torsion
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 Chapter 1 Introduction
structural mechanics
stresses & displacements
of a structure in the form of a bar system

truss, rigid frame

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 Chapter 1 Introduction

theory of elasticity
blocks, plates, shells, dames, foundations……

bar element
analyzed more thoroughly and precisely

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University
 Chapter 1 Introduction
mechanics of materials
assumptions on strain condition or stress distribution
simplify mathematical derivation
reduce the accuracy of the results obtained

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University
 Chapter 1 Introduction

mechanics of materials
plane cross-section assumption
---linear distribution of bending stresses when a
bar element bends

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 Chapter 1 Introduction

theory of elasticity
those assumptions not needed
obtain more accurate results
check the approximate results

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 Chapter 1 Introduction
q

deep beam
-0.28q

stress distribution
far from linear variation
( x )C  0.28q

( x )T  0.75q
0.75q
3qh 3qh Hohai
University
 Chapter 1 Introduction

mechanics of materials
a prismatic tension member with a hole
tensile stresses
uniformly distributed across the net section

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Chapter 1 Introduction
q

3q a
x
q 3q q

q
y

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University
 Chapter 1 Introduction
mutual infiltration
of theory of elasticity and structural mechanics
finite element method
（ displacement method and
matrix displacement method ）

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University
 Chapter 1 Introduction
1.2 Some Concepts in Theory of Elasticity

external forces
body force & surface force

body force external forces, or the loads, distributed

over the volume of the body
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gravitational forces, magnetic forces, inertia forces,……
University
 Chapter 1 Introduction
1.2 Some Concepts in Theory of Elasticity

y Q
lim F
fy V  0 V
Q
F
V
P fx
fz intensity of body force
at point P
x
Hohai
z
University
 Chapter 1 Introduction
1.2 Some Concepts in Theory of Elasticity

body force components at P denoted by X, Y, Z (fx, fy, fz )

sign convention: positive or negative according as it acts in the

positive or negative direction of coordinate axis
dimension: [force][length]-3 Hohai
University
 Chapter 1 Introduction
1.2 Some Concepts in Theory of Elasticity
external forces
body force & surface force
surface force external forces, or the loads, distributed
over the surface of a body
pressure of one body on another, hydrostatic pressure,…
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University
 Chapter 1 Introduction
1.2 Some Concepts in Theory of Elasticity

y Q
lim F
fy S  0 S
Q
S F
P fx intensity of surface force
fz
at point P

x
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z University
 Chapter 1 Introduction
1.2 Some Concepts in Theory of Elasticity
X ,Y, Z
surface force components at P denoted by
fx , fy , fz

sign convention: positive or negative according as it acts in the

positive or negative direction of coordinate axis
dimension: [force][length]-2
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University
 Chapter 1 Introduction
body force & surface force (positive)

O (z) x O (z) x
fy

fx fx
fx fx
fy fy
fy

y y
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 Chapter 1 Introduction
1.2 Some Concepts in Theory of Elasticity

internal forces
F
lim S
A0 A

stress on the section

mn at point P
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 Chapter 1 Introduction
1.2 Some Concepts in Theory of Elasticity

normal component normal stress 

tangential component shearing stress 

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 Chapter 1 Introduction
1.2 Some Concepts in Theory of Elasticity
z
 zy
z  zx
 yz
a parallelepiped
y  yx 
  x
xz
xy
y
  xz 
 yz 
xy yx
x
 zx
 zy
z
stress condition
y Hohai
x University
 Chapter 1 Introduction
1.2 Some Concepts in Theory of Elasticity
z

 zx
 zy reciprocal theorem
z
 y  yx  xz  xy x
 yz
y
of shearing stresses
 yz  xy  xz  yx
x
 zx
 zy
z
 yz   zy ,  zx   xz ,  xy   yx
y
Hohai
x University
 Chapter 1 Introduction
1.2 Some Concepts in Theory of Elasticity
sign convention:
positive stress component
positive side, positive direction of coordinate axis
negative side, negative direction of coordinate axis
negative stress component
stresses in the directions opposite to those stated above
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 Chapter 1 Introduction
1.2 Some Concepts in Theory of Elasticity

dimension: [force][length]-2

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University
 Chapter 1 Introduction
1.2 Some Concepts in Theory of Elasticity

O (z) y x
yx
 xy positive stresses
x
x
 xy
yx
y y Hohai
University
 Chapter 1 Introduction
1.2 Some Concepts in Theory of Elasticity
O (z) x x

x x

y y

sign conventions used in theory of elasticity and

mechanics of materials Hohai
University
 Chapter 1 Introduction
1.2 Some Concepts in Theory of Elasticity

deformation

the changes of the shape of a body

the changes in lengths and angles

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 Chapter 1 Introduction
1.2 Some Concepts in Theory of Elasticity
A B

A’
normal strain 
B’ shearing strain  

C’
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 Chapter 1 Introduction
1.2 Some Concepts in Theory of Elasticity
y
D'
C'

 normal strain 
shearing strain 
B' 
C D A' 
v

dy

A B
dx
y

x
x u
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University
 Chapter 1 Introduction
1.2 Some Concepts in Theory of Elasticity

displacement
the changes of position at any point in a body
u, v, w
3 components of displacement in 3 coordinate axes
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 Chapter 1 Introduction
1.3 Basic Assumptions
(1) Continuity
(2) Elasticity & Linearity
(3) Homogeneity
(4) Isotropy
(5) small displacements & strains Hohai
University
 Chapter 1 Introduction
1 Continuity

The body is continuous. The whole volume of the body is

filled with continuous matter, without any void.
A continuous body remains a continuum under the
action of forces.
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 Chapter 1 Introduction
1 Continuity

Only under this assumption can the physical quantities in

the body be continuously distributed & thereby expressed
by continuous functions of coordinates in space.
stresses strains displacements
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 Chapter 1 Introduction
2 Elasticity

The body is perfectly elastic which requires that the

internal state, such as strain in the material, reverts to its
original state after loads are removed. And also the
unloading has to follow the same path as when it was
loaded up. Hohai
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 Chapter 1 Introduction

Linearity

requires that the loading path be a straight line

both in terms of load-deformation
and stress-strain relation

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 Chapter 1 Introduction

Linear Elastic

Under this assumption, the material obeys Hooke’s Law

of elasticity.

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 Chapter 1 Introduction
3 Homogeneity

The material properties are the same at any point in the

material.
Under this assumption we may analyse an elementary
volume isolated from the body and apply the results to
the entire body. Hohai
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 Chapter 1 Introduction
4 Isotropy

The material properties at a point are the same in any

direction.
Under this assumption the elastic constants will be
independent of the orientation of coordinate axes.
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 Chapter 1 Introduction
5 Small deformation

The displacements and strains are very small.

The displacement components are very small in comparison
with its original dimensions.
The strain components are much smaller then unity.

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 Chapter 1 Introduction
Small deformation

Under this assumption, we may use the lengths and

angles of the body before the deformation, and, we may
neglect higher order small quantities(squares and
products of small quantities)
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