Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter - 3 Updated Part B
Chapter - 3 Updated Part B
1: External Forced
Convection
Faculty of Chemical Engineering
UiTM Pasir Gudang
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Learning Outcomes
When you finish studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Explain the physical mechanism of convection, and its classification.
2. Describe the development of velocity and thermal boundary layers during flow over surfaces.
3. Define dimensionless Reynolds, Prandtl, and Nusselt number.
4. Distinguish between laminar and turbulent flows.
5. Evaluate the convection coefficients in external flow.
6. Evaluate the heat transfer associated with flow over a flat plate for both laminar and
turbulent flow.
7. Calculate the average heat transfer coefficient for flow over a cylinder and sphere.
8. Determine the pressure drop and the average heat transfer coefficient associated with flow
across a tube bank for both in-line and staggered configurations.
9. Explain the different flow regions in internal flow, such as the entry and the fully developed
flow regions, and calculate hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths.
10. Discuss heating and cooling of a fluid flowing in a tube under constant surface temperature
and constant surface heat flux conditions, and work with the logarithmic mean temperature
difference.
The transition from laminar to turbulent flow depends on the surface geometry,
surface roughness, upstream velocity, surface temperature, and the type of
fluid, among other things, and is best characterized by the Reynolds number.
The Reynolds number at a distance x from the leading edge of a flat plate is
expressed as
(7-10)
(7-11)
(7-20)
(7-22)
Nu 0.037 Re0.8
L 871
Pr 13
(7-24)
When a flat plate is subjected to uniform heat flux
instead of uniform temperature, the local Nusselt
number is given by
(7-31)
(7-32)
At high velocities the boundary
• The critical Reynolds number for layer detaches from the
flow across a circular cylinder or surface, forming a separation
sphere is about region behind the cylinder.
Recr=2x105.
For flow over a cylinder
(7-35)
(7-36)
(7-37)
In-line Staggered
• In staggered arrangement,
ST
Vmax V (7-40)
– for SD>(ST+D)/2 : ST D
ST
– for SD<(ST+D)/2 : Vmax V (7-41)
2 SD D
(7-42)
NL < 16 (7-43)
The pressure drop over tube
banks is expressed as:
18
18
In an industrial facility, air is to be preheated before entering a
furnace by geothermal water at 120ºC flowing through the tubes
of a tube bank located in a duct. Air enters the duct at 20ºC and
1 atm with a mean velocity of 4.5 m/s and flows out at
temperature of 35oC, over the tubes in normal direction. The
outer diameter of the tubes is 2.0 cm, and the tubes are arranged
in-line with longitudinal and transverse pitches of SL= ST= 5
cm. There are 7 rows in the flow direction with 10 tubes in each
row, as shown in Figure 7–28. Determine the rate of heat
transfer per unit length of the tubes, and the pressure drop
across the tube bank.
20
20