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Cont Chapter 7CONCEPT
Cont Chapter 7CONCEPT
LOAD FACTOR
Volume of traffic carried, generally expressed as a
percentage (%) form
An important indicator of performance
For passenger,
Load factor (%) = No of seats sold* x 100%
Total no. seat available
* no of seats with revenue
For cargo,
Load factor (%) = Loaded ton-miles x 100%
Capacity ton-miles
TON-MILES/KILOMETERS
This applies to freight mvmt
To get a true measure of output, the weight of the load
must be multiplied by the distance it is carried
Eg 20 tons carried for 200 miles = 4,000 ton-miles
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
THE PEAK
The time of the day, week, season or year when the demand
for tpt is greatest – Dd exceed the average
Demand on 3 aspects
Unit of carriage for pax and goods
The way
terminals
The problem is the imbalance in traffic flows. Therefore
need more provision of tpt infrastructure & facilities. But at
off-peak – lead to under utilization of capacity
Eg
Hours of peak- Morning & Evening
Working Hours: 7am – 9am, 4pm – 7pm
School Hours: Morning, Afternoon, Evening
Festive Seasons: Hari Raya, CNY, Xmas
Ways to reduce problem of peak:
Staggering of working hours
Use of more suitable/larger vehicle
Special discounts at off-peak hours
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT
“A metropolitan electric railway system, characterized by
its ability to operate single cars or short trains along
exclusive rights-of-ways; at ground level, on aerial
structures, in subways, or occasionally, in streets; and to
board/discharge pax at track or car-floor level”
‘Light’ refers to light volume, more than light weight
Most effective capacity 5,000 – 15,000 pax/hr/direction
Main features of LRT is flexibility. It is able to:
Negotiate steep gradients and sharp curves
Be built at ground level or above/below
Can operate unsegregated, partially or segregated from other
traffic
Average speed of trains: 40km/h
Designed to operate economically in smaller cities and
specialization in larger cities
Environmental-friendly
Have effective breaking & acceleration – offer more
frequent stops than heavy rail trains
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
MONORAIL
A metropolitan electric railway system which uses only
one rail, instead of two
Two main types:
Safeg (suspended by sturdy hangers from overhead rail)
Alweg (rides on top of a concrete beam and wrap around the
beam; called the supported monorail/straddled type)
Characterized by the use of exclusive guideways & vehicle
operated without driver on board
Speed: 20km/h t max 60km/hr
Average capacity: 2,600 p/hr/direction
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
SHIP’S TURNARAOUND TIME
The time a ship spends in a port can be divided into 2
components:
Waiting time
Ship’s time at berth
Waiting time
‘the delay betw the ship’s arrival in port and its tying up at
berth’
Can be quite long when no vacant berths are available:
Congestion
Tides are against the vessel
Strikes or other similar events, etc
However, it is only a small portion of turnaround time
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
SHIP’S TURNARAOUND TIME (cont.)
Ship’s time at berth
‘The total time a vessel spends at the berth, whether:
Loading/unloading cargo
Just lying idle
Measured in hours or days
Important in terminal and interchange arrangements
because mvmt under load earns revenue, while time in
terminals incur costs
Factors influencing ship turnaround time:
Weather conditions
Adequacy/availability of cargo handling/equipment/dock
labour/berth, cargo clearance and collection
Type of vessel
Nature of the cargo & suitability of cargo handling
equipment
Transhipment cost
Documentation
Port layout
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
SHIP’S TURNARAOUND TIME (cont.)
Importance of quick turnaround time:
Profitability of port authority and shipowner
Minimum fleet size realised through the aid of quick port
turnaround
Maximum utilization of resources
Development of international trade
Encourage quick transit
Optimal number of berth, minimum capital investment
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
DEMURRAGE
A penalty payment made on buyers of tpt services or
consignee, charged by the operators (eg port authority)
over and above the charges for mvmt when vehicles are
out of revenue service due to slow unloading/loading by
buyer
Charges of use of vehicles beyond given time
Aim/purpose
To speed up terminal work and reduce turnaround time
Reduction in turnaround time → allow more ships to
berth at port and better utilisation of terminal and
wagons
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
SHIPS’S SIZE MEASUREMENT
Various measurement are used in maritime tpt for the
size of vessels:
Volume (Isipadu)
Gross Registered Tonnage
Net Registered Tonnage
Tonnage (Berat)
Deadweight Tonnage
Lightweight Tonnage
Displacement Tonnage
NRT
= GRT – (master and crew spaces + water ballast spaces + machinery)
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
SHIP’S MEASUREMENT SIZE (cont.)
Deadweight Tonnage
Measure of the total carrying capacity of a ship with all its
contents when loaded down to her loadline
Weight of cargo + weight of fuel, stored water ballast, fresh
water, crews, pax and baggage
Can also be known from the total weight of water displaced
by ship when loaded to the maximum draught permitted
Lightweight Tonnage
Weight of the ship as built + boiler water, lubricating oil and
cooling water system (in unit of tonnes)
Weight of ship alone without cargoes or passengers
Importance when considering the value of a vessel which is
to be broken up for scrap
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
SHIP’S MEASUREMENT SIZE (cont.)
Displacement Tonnage
Measure of the actual weight of ship plus all of the content
Lightweight + Deadweight Tonnage
The displacement represents the amount of water displaced
by the ship, expressed in tons
Weight of water displaced = weight of the ship
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
LINER CONFERENCE/SHIPPING
CONFERENCE
A form of association of liner companies operating in the
same trade
Basically a conference is simply a meeting of all lines,
serving any particular routes for the purpose of evolving
any regular pattern of sailing to give the max service to
shippers and to reach common agreements on routes
Can be national and international level
Two types of conference:
Close conference
members can only join with the consent of existing member
and the shipowner must have a permanent interest in the
shipping trade
Applicants must also have sufficient financial b/grd
Open conference
No restriction but they must have agreement from the
majority of the members
Applicants must also agree to the common tarif rates and
other conditions set by the conference
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
LINER SHIPPING