GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING – II

(FOUNDATION ENGINEERING)

PILES
Prepared by:
MC-LLOYD G. SARATE
Piles on Clay (Cohesive Soil)
A. Ultimate bearing Capacity of Piles σall
D
σb = C Nc Ap
x
σb = ultimate bearing capacity x

C = cohesion of soil L
C = (1/2) qu
qu = unconfined compressive strength
of soil
Nc = 9 (bearing capacity factor)
Ap = area of the pile at the tip σb
Piles on Clay (Cohesive Soil)
B. Ultimate Frictional Capacity of Piles
1. α Method
σf = α C P L
σf = ultimate frictional capacity
of pile 100 150
50 200 250
α = adhesion factor or frictional 1.00
constant Values of α 0.75
C = cohesion of soil
C = (1/2) qu 0.50
qu = unconfined compressive
0.25
strength of soil
P = perimeter of pile 0
L = length of pile
Piles on Clay (Cohesive Soil)
B. Ultimate Frictional Capacity of Piles σall
2. λ Method
L/2
γs = unit wt.
of clay
σ f = P L λ (σv + 2C)
L
σf
σf = ultimate frictional capacity
of pile D

P = perimeter of pile
x
L = length of pile x
λ = frictional coefficient σb
σv = average vertical pressure at
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
mid- height of the pile being
analyzed
25 Over consolidated
σv = γs (L/2)

Pile penetration , meters

50

C = cohesion of clay
75

C = (1/2) qu
100
Normally consolidated
qu = unconfined compressive 125
strength of clay
150
Piles on Clay (Cohesive Soil) σall
B. Ultimate Frictional Capacity of Piles L/2
3. β Method
σf =PLβ σave
σf = ultimate frictional capacity of pile L
P = perimeter of pile σf
β = frictional coefficient
β = (1 - Sin θR) tan θR for normally consolidated clay
β = (1 - Sin θR) tan θR OCR for over consolidated clay
OCR = over consolidated ratio
σave = average vertical stress at the mid-height of pile
being analyzed
σave = γs (L/2)
Piles on Clay (Cohesive Soil)
B. Allowable or Design Load Capacity of Pile

σall = σb + σf
F.S.

σall = allowable load capacity of pile

σb = ultimate bearing capacity of pile
σf = ultimate frictional capacity of pile
F.S. = factor of safety
Frictional Capacity of Pile for
Two or More Layers of Clay
1. α Method σall
σf = Σ α CPL α1 = 0.4
γs = 18 kN/cum
σf = σf1 + σf2 L1 = 4 σf1 C1 = 30

σf1 = α1 C1 P L1 Ground water table

σf2 = α2 C2 P L2 α1 = 0.50
σf2 γsat = 20 kN/cum
L2 = 6
C2 = 60
σf = α1 C1 P L1 + α2 C2 P L2
σf = 0.40(30)(4)(0.3)(4) +
(0.50)(60)(4)(0.3)(6)
0.30
0.30
σf = 273.6 kN
 Frictional Capacity of Pile for
Two or More Layers of Clay
2. λ Method
σf = P L λ (σv + 2C) σf = σf1 + σf2 σall
σf = σf1 + σf2 σf = 55.30 + 224.35
λ2 = 0.12
σf = 279.65 kN
σf1 = P L1 λ1 (σv1 + 2C1) σf1
γs = 18 kN/cum
L1 = 4 C1 = 30
σv1 = 18(2) = 36 kPa
Ground water table
σf1 = 4(0.3)(4)(0.12) (36 + (2)(30))
= 55.30 kN λ2 = 0.14
L2 = 6 σf2 γsat = 20 kN/cum
σf2 = P L2 λ2 (σv2 + 2C2) C2 = 60

σv2 = 18(4) + (20-9.81)(3)

=102.57 kPa
σf1 = 4(0.3)(6)(0.14)(102.57+(2)(60)) 0.30
0.30
= 224.35
Frictional Capacity of Pile for
Two or More Layers of Clay
σall
3. β Method
σf = Σ α CPL 2 γs = 18 kN/cum
L1 = 4 σf1
θ = 20 deg
σf = σf1 + σf2 Ground water table
β1 = (1 - Sin 20) tan 20
3
β1 = 0.239 L2 = 6 σf2
σave = (18)(2) = 36 kPa
1
OCR = 3
σf1 = P L1 β1 (σv + 2C1)
1 γsat = 20 kN/cum
θ = 25 deg
= 4(0.3)(4)(0.239)(36)
0.30
= 41.30 kN 0.30
Frictional Capacity of Pile for
Two or More Layers of Clay
β2 = (1 - Sin 25) tan 25 3
β2 = 0.466
σf2 = P L2 β2 σave2

σave = 18(4) + (20 -9.81)(3)

2

= 102.57 kPa
σf2 = 4(0.3)(6)(0.466)(102.57)
σf2 = 344.14 kN
σf = σf + σf2
1

σf = 41.30 + 344.14
σf = 385.44 kN
PROBLEM: A 0.36 m. square prestressed concrete pile is to be
driven in a clayey soil as shown in the figure. The design
capacity of the pile is 360kN, with a factor of safety of 2.
1.Compute the end bearing capacity of the pile.
2.Compute the skin friction expected to develop along the shaft
of the pile.
3.Compute the length of the pile if α = 0.76.
σdesign = 360 kN

γs = 18.1 kN/cum
Nc = 9
qu = 110 kN/cc
L (unconfined compressive
stress

0.36
0.36
SOLUTION:
1.End bearing capacity of pile: 3.Length of pile:
C = qu/2 σf = α C P L
C = 110/2 = 55kN/m² 655.85 = 0.76(0.36)(4) L
L = 10.90 m.
σb = C Nc Atip
= 55(9)(0.36)(0.36)
σb = 64.15 kN

2.Skin friction:
σult = σf + σb
σdesign = σult/FS
σult = 360(2) =720 kN
σult = σf + σb
720 = σf + 64.15
σf = 655.85 kN
Piles on Sand
A. Bearing Capacity of Pile

σb = Pv Nq Atip
Qb = bearing capacity of pile at the tip
Atip = (3.1416)(D)²
4
µp tan θR
Nq = (tan θR + 1 + tan² θR )² e²
θR = drained angle of friction
µp = 3.1416 for soft, fined grained soil
3
Piles on Sand
µp = 3.1416 for dense, coarse grained soil
2
γs = unit wt. of sand
θ = angle of friction between pile and sand
Tan θ = µ (coefficient of friction)
K = coeff. of lateral pressure between pile and sand
or shaft lateral pressure factor is assumed
between 0.60 and 1.25
Nq = bearing capacity factor
Pv = soil pressure at the tip
Piles on Sand
NOTE: The pressure below the critical depth Dc is assumed
to be uniform.
σall
Critical depth Dc is
20 x diam. of pipe for h1 = Dc

dense compact sand

L
and 10 x diam of pile Pv
for loose sand. h2

Dc = 20 D Pv
x
Pv = γs h1 x
D
Piles on Sand
B. Frictional Capacity of Pile

σf = P (Area of Pv diagram) K µ
Area of Pv diagram = Pv h1 + Pv h2
2
σf = frictional capacity of pile
K = coeff. of lateral pressure between pile and sand
or shaft lateral pressure factor is assumed
between 0.60 and 1.25
θ = angle of friction between pile and sand
Tan θ = µ (coeff. of friction)
Piles on Sand
C. Ultimate Capacity

σult = σb + σf

D. Allowable Capacity

σall = σb + σf
F.S.
PROBLEM : A concrete pile having a diameter of 0.30 m. is
driven into a loose sand having a unit wt. of 20 kN/cum.
Coeff. of friction b/w sand and pile is 0.40. Bearing
capacity factor Nq = 80. Lateral pressure factor K = 90.
Allowable load of pile is 170 kN. Factor of safety is 3.25.
1.Compute the ultimate bearing capacity of the pile.
2.Compute the ultimate frictional capacity of the pile.
3.Compute the length of the pile.
σall = 170 kN
SAND

γs = 20 kN/cum
L Nq = 80
K = 0.90
µ = 0.40

D = 0.30
SOLUTION:
1.Ultimate bearing capacity
Dc = 20 D for dense compacts sand
Dc = 10 D for loose sand
Dc = 10(0.3) = 3m.
Pv = 20(3) = 60 kPa
2
σb = 60(80)(3.1416/4)(0.3) Dc = 3
Pv
σb = 339.3 kN L 9

Pv
2.Ultimate frictional capacity:
σall = (σb + σf) / F.S
170 = (339.3 + σf) / 3.25
3
σf = 213.20 kN
Pv = 60

3.Length of pile: 9

σf = P area of Pv dia. K µ Pv
Area of Pv diag. = 60(3) + 60 (L – 3)
2
213.20 = 3.1416(0.3) Area of Pv diag.(0.90)(0.40)
Area of Pv diag. = 628.37 m 2
L = 11.97 m.
Drilled Piles in Cohesionless Soils
(Sand)
A. Skin Friction Resistance
σs = β Pv P L 2.For drilled shaft in Gravel
P = perimeter of pile β = 2 - 0.5 (z)0.5
L = length of pile
Pv = effective vertical (over burden)
pressure at depth Z meters b.FOR N VALUE LESS THAN 15

a.FOR N VALUE IS GREATER THAN OR β = (NValue/15)[1.5-n(z)0.5]

EQUAL TO 15
1.For drilled Shaft in Sand n = 0.245
z = height from ground surface to
mid-height of a given layer in
0.5
β = 1.5 – n (z) meters
Drilled Piles in Cohesionless Soils
(Sand)
B. Point Bearing Capacity c.DESIGN LOAD
σp = qp Abase σdesign = σs + σp
F.S.
Where:
a.FOR N VALUE < 50
σs = ultimate skin frictional
qp = 57.5 Nvalue < 2900 kPa resistance
σp = ultimate point bearing
b.FOR N VALUE > 50 capacity
F.S. = factor of safety
qp = 0.59 [Nvalue (Pa/Pvb)]
Where:
Pa = 100 kPa
Pvb = effective vertical pressure
at base elevation
Drilled Piles in Sand
A. Ultimate Load Bearing Capacity
σp(net) = Ap q’ (w Nq* - 1)
σp(net) = ultimate load bearing capacity σall
Ap = area of base
q’ = effective vertical stress at the base of the shaft Sand
w = correction factor Ds
w = [f (L)]/Db
Db = bell diameter L
f = frictional resistance
f = K σ tan δ
K = earth pressure coefficient
K = 1 – sin θ
θ = angle of internal friction
σ’0 = effective vertical stress at any depth
Nq* = bearing capacity factor Db
0.17 θ
Nq* = 0.21 e
Drilled Piles in Sand
B.Ultimate Frictional Resistance Capacity
σf = P L K σ tan δ
δ = friction angle between pile sand
µ = coefficient of friction
σ’0 = effective vertical stress at any depth
K = earth pressure coefficient
K = 1 sin θ
C.Allowable Load Capacity
σall = σp(net) + σf
F.S.
THANK YOU!